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E\)c Stuornts' Series of latin Classics 



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VELLEIUS PATERCULUS 

BOOK II 
CHAPTEES XLI-CXXXI 

EDITED 
WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES 



FEANK EEKEST KOCKWOOD, A.M. 

Professor of Latin in ISucknell University 







^ JUL 



LEACH, SHEWELL, & SANBORN 

BOSTON. NEW YORK. CHICAGO 

1893 









^ N 






Copyright, 1893, 
By FRANK ERNEST ROCKWOOD. 



ft* 



1^31^ 



2Corftjoo& IDrcss : 

J. S. Cushing 8c Co. — Berwick 8c Smitn. 

Boston, Mass., U.S.A. 



J 



TO THE MEMORY OF 
MY TEACHER 

JOHN LARKIN LINCOLN 

THIS EDITION OF 

VELLEIUS PATERCULUS 

is 

GRATEFULLY DEDICATED 



PREFACE. 



I have selected for this edition the most important part of 
Velleius Paterculus' work, the portion dealing with the Civil 
War and the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. It is hoped that 
this volume may be of service in securing for Velleius the 
recognition to which he is fairly entitled by his merits as a 
writer. The wide range which Latin studies have assumed 
under the influence of the elective system, and the liberal 
courses at present offered, afford ample opportunity for the 
reading of an author whose works throw so much light upon 
one of the most interesting periods in Roman history. 

The text is practically that of Halm (Leipsic, 1876). In a 
few instances, however, I have preferred the readings of other 
editors. These changes, together with the principal variations 
of the MSS. and the most important conjectures, are briefly 
considered in the Critical Appendix. 

In the preparation of the notes my aim has been not simply 
to give needed assistance on grammatical topics, but to point 
out Velleills , departures from strict classical usage and to note 
those peculiarities of style which mark his Latinity with the 
characteristics of the Silver Age; and also to give by statement 
and reference the historical information requisite for a fuller 
understanding of the men and times of which he wrote, to 

v 



yi PREFACE. 



complete, as it were, the pictures which the author has pre- 
sented only in outline. All available editions have been con- 
sulted. The most assistance has been received from those of 
Ruhnken and Kritz. Dissertations by Scriner, Georges, Fritsch, 
and others have been very helpful and suggestive. 

I take pleasure in acknowledging my great indebtedness to 
Professor E. M. Pease, the editor-in-chief of this series, for 
many valuable suggestions in regard to the general plan of the 
work, and for the conscientious care with which he has read 
the proof. I am under special obligations to Professor H. T. 
Peck, of Columbia College, for kindly consenting to read the 
MS. of the entire work. My thanks are also due to Professor 
A. G. Hopkins, of Hamilton College, for many useful sugges- 
tions and for the careful manner in which he has read the proof 
of both text and notes. 

FRANK E. ROCKWOOD. 

Bucknell University, 
July, 1893. 



INTRODUCTION. 



Life of Velleius. 

The brilliant literary era which began with the prose of 
Cicero and attained its greatest splendor in the poetry of the 
Augustan age was followed by a period of marked decline. 
Lack of scholarly independence and dearth of creative genius, 
due to the natural reaction from the intellectual life of the pre- 
ceding age and in part also to the chilling atmosphere of the 
empire, characterized the reign of Augustus' successor. Al- 
though Tiberius possessed excellent literary taste and used the 
Latin tongue with force and elegance, yet he never became a 
generous patron of literature. By profession a soldier, and well 
advanced in years when he was elevated to the throne, he made 
no attempt to attract authors of talent and men of genius to his 
court, or to encourage them with imperial favor. He was not, 
however, unwilling to tolerate those worshipers of Apollo and 
the Muses who were inclined to accept monarchy as a settled 
fact, and who were not disposed to arouse in the people a desire 
for the restoration of the republic. Prominent in this reign, 
and indeed the natural product of such an age, was the soldier- 
author, Velleius Paterculus, "the court historian of Tiberius/' 
justly regarded as one of the most successful historical abridgers 
of all times. 

Velleius was descended from a Campanian family of eques- 
trian rank and was born, according to the commonly accepted 
date, in the year 19 B.C. — the year of Vergil's death. His prae- 
nomen is uncertain. The editio princeps lias Publius ; Halm, 
relying on very doubtful MS. authority, Gaius; while Priscian, 

vii 



Vlll INTRODUCTION. 

the only ancient writer who alludes to him, calls him Marcus. 
The place of his birth, his early home, and education are all 
alike unknown. lie tells us, however, that his father was a 
prefect of horse (II. 104. 3) ; that his grandfather was a man of 
recognized worth, nulli secundus (II. 76. 1); and that among his 
ancestors were Minatius Magius, who raised a legion and 
fought on the side of Rome in the Italian war, and Decius 
Magius, a leading citizen of Capua and a devoted friend of the 
Romans in the time of Hannibal (II. 16. 2). His grandfather 
was the first member of the family, so far as we know, to bear 
the name of Velleius. and therefore it is inferred that he was 
adopted into that gens from the Magian. 

At the age of fourteen Velleius assumed the toga virilis, and 
a few years later commenced his military service. Like Horace, 
he was probably tribunus militum (II. 101. 2, 3) at the very be- 
ginning of his career. Unlike the Yenusian poet, however, he 
inherited a martial spirit and a strong love for the stirring life 
of a soldier. He travelled extensively in the East, in the reti- 
nue of C. Caesar, and visited many countries, tribes, and cities. 
He was present at the meeting, on an island in the Euphrates, 
of the Roman prince and the Parthian king. Upon his return 
to Rome, Augustus made him prefect of horse. In this capacity 
he accompanied Tiberius to Germany, where he served per annos 
continuos novem praefectus aut legatus (II. 101. 3). In this long- 
period he must have won the esteem and confidence of his 
superior, for he was entrusted with important commands and 
was given a share in the splendid triumph celebrated in honor of 
victories over the Germans. Pannonians, and Dalmatians (II. 121. 
3). When he had completed his term of service in the cavalry. 
he was made quaestor, and was treated with the consideration 
accorded men of senatorial rank (II. 111. 3). In 11 a.d., he and 
his brother enjoyed the special distinction of being at the same 
time the last recommended to the praetorship by Augustus and 
the first by Tiberius. Of his life subsequent to his praetorship 
we know only that he wrote, or at least completed, his history, 
3(J a.d. The time and manner of his death are unknown. 



INTRODUCTION. IX 

Cruttwell thinks that he shared the disgrace of Sejanus, upon 
whom he had lavished the highest praise (II. 127. 3, 4), and that 
he was put to death with the friends and supporters of the fallen 
favorite, 31 a.d. This theory seems plausible, but lacks proof. 

Velleius has not told us why he turned his attention to writ- 
ing, nor do we know what preparation he had for his task as an 
author. He may have employed the time subsequent to his 
praetorship in acquiring the general knowledge of history and 
literature, both Greek and Roman, which he displays in his 
works. Certain it is that his just estimate of Homer (I. 5) 
and his vigorous praise and manly defense of Cicero (II. 66. 2- 
5) are evidence of his literary taste and right appreciation of 
the best in the realm of letters. 

The title of his w r ork, as it has reached us, is, Historiae Roma- 
nae Duo Volumina ad M. Vinicium Cos.; but this may be the 
wording of a copyist and not that of the author, for the work 
itself is only an outline or an abridgment of Roman history. 
Like Livy, Velleius goes back in his introduction to the times 
immediately following the Trojan war. Then come in quick 
succession the changes in Greece, the settlements in the East, 
the founding of Carthage, the origin of Rome, and the estab- 
lishment of Grecian colonies in Italy. Of the last he has given 
the clearest account that we have from any ancient writer. The 
first book closes with the fall of Carthage and Corinth, 116 B.C. 
In the second he continues his rapid survey of Roman history, 
only occasionally checking his swift course when a prominent 
character or a great event requires more than a passing notice. 
As he approaches his own period and writes of Caesar and 
Pompey, of Augustus and Tiberius, his narrative assumes more 
generous proportions. That he did not deviate in any great 
degree, how T ever, from his purpose of writing a mere outline, is 
proved by his own words to that effect (II. 96. 3), and by his 
allusions to the greater task that he contemplated in the future. 

The chief excellence of the w T ork is due to the author's rare 
skill as a " rhetorical anecdotist and painter of character in 
action." He was more interested in men than in measures. 



X INTRODUCTION. 

While he did not omit important events, he dwelt at much 
greater length upon the actors in the ever-changing scenes than 
upon the scenes themselves. He was especially happy in sum- 
ming up the leading traits and characteristics of the most emi- 
nent Romans, notably so in the cases of Poinpey (II. 29), Caesar 
(II. 41), and Brutus (II. 72) ; and in this way he accomplished 
the difficult task of making a chronological abridgment inter- 
esting. 

The credibility of Velleius as a historian has been seriously 
called iii question. The charges made by his critics impeach his 
trustworthiness as a recorder of events and his truthfulness as 
an artist, when painting for us a portrait of his old commander, 
Tiberius. But, while he is not entirely free from fault, he is in 
no respect so guilty as his detractors claim. In matters of fact, 
the principal errors with w r hich he can be justly charged pertain 
to dates. He occasionally followed the Catonian era instead of 
the Varronian, and in some instances deviated from both. With 
this exception, he conformed to the prevalent traditions in his 
statement of the leading points in Roman history. It is true 
that his studies were not very thorough ; but then he did not 
claim to be an original investigator. He was not a historian in 
the modern acceptation of the term, nor in the sense that Sal- 
lust, Tacitus, and Livy were. He sought only to write a read- 
able abridgment, an entertaining outline, and in doing this he 
relied upon the most convenient authorities. In the first part 
of his w r ork he followed the Chronicles of ISTepos ; from the 
founding of Rome to the time of Augustus, the Annals of Atti- 
cus ; in the closing portion he related what he had himself seen 
and heard. He was familiar with the w T ritings of Cicero, Livy, 
Pompeius Trogus, and Sallust, and throughout his entire history 
there is clear evidence that he drew from these sources w r henever 
it suited his purpose. The only authorities that he specifically 
mentions are Cato (I. 7. 3) and Hortensius (II. 16. 3). 

His praise of Tiberius is not mere flattery or fulsome adula- 
tion. A careful examination of the facts will show many just 
grounds for his high opinion of the emperor. It can no longer 



INTRODUCTION. XI 

be held that Tiberius was a relentless tyrant and a monster of 
iniquity from the beginning to the end of his career. In the 
first fifteen years of his reign, during which time even Tacitus 
concedes him an outward show of virtue, he proved himself a 
wise ruler, careful in the management of the public revenues, 
anxious to maintain a just and beneficent government both in 
Rome and in the provinces. Velleius was not a willful falsifier 
in his pen-picture of the brave soldier and skillful leader, in 
whose army he had served with such marked distinction. His 
glowing eulogy was due in part to the plan of his work, which 
only permitted brief mention of leading points ; in part to his 
genuine devotion to his commander, — a devotion that made it 
easy for him to forget the bad and emphasize the good ; in part 
to the fact that he wrote before the death of Sejanus, before the 
emperor, old, disappointed, and deceived, had been guilty of the 
vice and cruelty that disgraced his closing days. 

n. 

Language and Style. 

Velleius belongs to that age whose " strange alchemy trans- 
muted the gold of the language into silver." We find none of 
the great names of Roman literature among his immediate con- 
temporaries. He was scarcely more than ten years old when 
Horace died. He had hardly commenced to prepare himself for 
literary work when Livy had already reached the end of his 
long and studious life. He was still a soldier in Germany while 
the exiled Ovid was writing his mournful letters from Tomi. 
He may possibly have heard Seneca pleading in the courts, but 
he did not live to see the eloquent advocate gain distinction in 
the literary and philosophical world. He was separated from 
Juvenal, Quintilian, Tacitus, and Pliny by a still longer inter- 
val of time. 

Velleius took as his model Sallust, the first Roman historian 
worthy of the name. He sometimes imitated Cicero and occa- 



Xll INTRODUCTION. 

sionally, perhaps, Livv; but the latter was too diffuse, and, it 
may be, too fond of praising the old republic for an abridger 
and an ardent imperialist to pattern after. 

His faults are, in general, those of the period in which he 
wrote. The influence of the empire was as apparent in litera- 
ture as in the life of the people. As men played parts, so 
authors wrote to please. Artificiality seemed to be the charac- 
teristic of the time. Aiming at effect, writers made free use of 
poetical expressions and oratorical exaggeration, evidently think- 
ing that naturalness and simplicity had lost their power to 
charm the degenerate Romans. Velleius stood almost at the 
very point where the Golden Age reached its limit and the new 
era commenced. But the process of deterioration had been 
going on gradually for a long time ; and so while his vocabu- 
lary is for the most part classical, his Latinity is marked by the 
characteristic features of the Silver Age. He indulges freely 
in hyperbole, not for the purpose of deceiving, but to attract 
the reader's attention. His work abounds in flashes of wit, 
startling turns of thought, and striking comparisons. Occasion- 
ally he robs his language of its natural force by repeating the 
same thought in new words, merely for the sake of embellishing 
his story. He fully appreciated a plain, direct style, and yet 
yielded to the temptation to write in the fashion of his day. 
At times he shows the spirit and vigor of an orator, and seems 
to be addressing an audience rather than presenting to his 
readers the simple facts of history. He employs questions, 
exclamations, asyndeton, even apostrophe ; and has recourse to 
many of the devices which public speakers use to arouse and 
interest their hearers. This feature of his composition is due to 
his inclination to eulogize, to his desire to present vivid pictures 
of his favorites. Just as Livy again and again reveals the ora- 
tor underneath the historian, so, at times, we might think that 
Velleius had been a rhetorician or an advocate in his early man- 
hood, and not a plain soldier, inured to the hardships of war and 
camp life. As a natural consequence of this forensic tendency, 
his language is often tinged with poetic coloring. He aims at 



INTRODUCTION. Xlll 

word effects, and seeks to make his thoughts attractive by deck- 
ing them out in gay plumage. And yet he did not carry these 
features so far as some of the later writers of the Silver Age. 
It can hardly be said of him as Macaulay said of Tacitus : "He 
stimulates till stimulants lose their power." 

Velleius wrote with nervous rapidity. He hurries his reader 
on at a quick pace and causes him to feel at times the mental 
excitement which the author himself experienced, when crowd- 
ing momentous events and long stretches of time into a few 
brief sentences. The plan of his history and the limits he set 
for himself forced him to adopt this method. His own w T ords, 
"in this hasty composition, wdiich, like a wheel, or a swift- 
whirling torrent, nowhere permits me to stop " (I. 16. 1), show 
how clearly he realized the fact. Many of his faults in style 
and some of his errors in subject-matter are undoubtedly due to 
this haste, festinatio, which is so strikingly prominent in his 
entire work. 

But it must not be supposed that Velleius' style is in all 
respects defective. His Latin has been praised by many of the 
most critical scholars. Ruhnken thinks it "graceful and well 
chosen"; Muretus says his history is "tersely and elegantly" 
written ; while Sauppe asserts that his language is " pure and 
flowing, with all the faults and excellences of the style of that 
time." His writing is idiomatic and, for the most part, forceful 
and clear ; though it often lacks the smoothness and elegance 
of the Ciceronian period. As the first historian, in point 
of time, in the Silver Age, he forms an important link in the 
chain binding that epoch to the preceding. He is of special 
interest to all who w T ould trace completely the growth, develop- 
ment, and decline of Latin prose. For the general reader his 
work has the same merit that Cicero found in the Annals of his 
friend Atticus : Ille vero et ?iova, mihi quid em mult a et earn utilita- 
tem, quam requirebam, ut explicatis ordinibus temporum uno in con- 
spectu omnia viderem (Brut. 4. 15). Aside from the general 
characteristics of an author's style, there are certain special 
features, such as his fondness for different classes of nouns and 



XIV INTRODUCTION. 

verbs, his use of cases and moods, his arrangement of words, 
and his choice of figures of syntax and rhetoric, which give him 
individuality as a writer. Through the labors of Ruhnken, 
Kritz, Krause, Koch, Lange, Georges, and others, Velleius , Latin 
has been pretty thoroughly dissected and its peculiarities care- 
fully labeled. The most prominent of these special characteris- 
tics are briefly summarized and illustrated in the following 
outline : — 

1. Nouns, (a) Occasional use of abstract for concrete : e.g., 
custodiis for custodibus 88. 2; mediocritatis for viri mediocris 
104. 3. In 58. 2 the abstract coniurationis is used in the singular 
for the plural concrete, (b) Frequent use of abstracts in the 
plural: e.g., aetatium 89. 1; expugnationibus 98. 2; solitudines 
55. 4. (c) Fondness for verbals in -io : e.g., accessione 130. 5 ; 
adsentatione 128. 3 (see note) ; consummations 116. 4; patratione 
98. 2 (see note), (d) And nouns of agency in -sor and -tor: 
e.g., executor 45. 1 ; proditor 83. 1 ; suasore 44. 4 ; violator 100. 4 
(not in Caes. or Cic). (e) Also verbals in -us, generally in the 
abl. sing.: e.g., auctu 129.4; ductu (most frequent) 78. 1; 
permissu 107. 2. 

II. Cases. 1. Genitive, (a) Possessive used predicatively : 
e.g., nullius nisi dei fuerit 47. 1 ; sui iuris fecerat 69. 2. (b) Fre- 
quent and varied use of the appositional genitive : e.g., Iuliorum 
familia 41. 1 ; calamitatem exilii 45. 2 ; also with perf . part. : e.g., 
promissae brevitatis fides 55. 1 ; hereditatem occisi exercitus 120. 3. 
(c) Partitives worthy of special notice are : per avia itinerum 
75. 3 ; in id furoris 80. 2 ; aliis veteribus Eomanorum ducum 80. 3. 
The place of the partitive gen. is sometimes supplied by a dis- 
tributive apposition : e.g., Drusus Livius . . . et Varus Quintilius 
. . . alter se ipse . . . inter emit 71. 3. (d) Genitive of quality 
(frequent) : e.g., quattuor scalmorum navem 43. 1 ; plus quinque 
mensium quies 56. 3; M. Agrippa, virtutis nobilissimae 79. 1. 
(e) Free use with adjectives: e.g., inops copiarum 111. 4; inso- 
lens pads 110. 2. See on consilii 63. 2 and incrementi 109. 4. 
In I. 3. 1 he has acer belli iuvenis, not found before his time. 

2. Dative, (a) Often used with compound verbs with which 



INTRODUCTION. XV 

the best writers generally employ a preposition and its case : 
e.g., ripae adpulsus est 107. 2; but Cyprum adpulsus I. 1. 1; 
exercitumque operi praeparabat instead of ad c. accus. 109. 2; 
discrimini me subtraham instead of ab c. abl. 86. 3. (6) The 
dative with adjectives is used more freely than in earlier 
writers: e.g., diversa its 80. 2; armis habilia 110. 3; puero gudm 
iuveni propior 53. 1 ; nulli secundus (poetic and post-Aug.) 76. 1 ; 
Curioni simillimus 68. 1. (c) Dative of reference: e.g., imperio 
nostro <ic suo quaerens 46. 1 ; cui . . . duravit 79. 6 ; iusto serve- 
mus operi 99. 3. (d) Of purpose or end, most frequently with 
esse: e.g., hoc M. Antonio ac tot Mis legionibus salutifuit 82. 3; 
ut pariter Us terrori venerationique esset 41. 3 ; see on praesidium 
esse 110. 4; natum mendacio genus 118. 1. 

3. Accusative, (a) Adverbial : e.g., cetera sanctissimus 46. 2 ; 
multum . . . eo . . . recusante 103. 3. (b) In apposition with 
a clause : e.g., dum ea geruntur Cassius Rhodum, rem inmanis 
operis, ceperat 69. 6 ; rem 130. 2. (c) Cognate : e.g., Glaucum 
saltasset 83. 2 (see note), (d) Greek accusative: e.g., indutus 
habitum 41. 2 (but see note); caputque redimitus 83. 2. 

4. Ablative, (a) Absolute with <?w(m, veto', or velut ; see 
note on 100. 5. (b) Freer use with adjectives than is found in 
the best writers: e.g., studiis rudis, sermone barbarus, impetu 
strenuus, manu promptus, cogitatione celer 73. 1. (c) The ablative 
of comparison is occasionally used instead of a clause: e.g., 
expectato maturius 123. 1. (d) Ablative often used to denote 
duration of time : e.g., maiore parte anni 44. 5 (see note) ; 
triennio 98. 2 ; prima parte introitus 102. 2. (e) Ablative of sep- 
aration used with many verbs, both simple and compound, 
where a preposition is employed by earlier writers : e.g., 
descenderet equo 55. 3 ; natura excedendum 68. 5 ; spectaculo pelle- 
retur 79. 6 ; quae excita sedibus suis 108. 1. 

III. Adjectives and Participles, (a) Special fondness for 
superlatives : e.g., adfectissimi 84. 1 (see note) ; caelestissimorum 
104. 3; eminentissima 101. 2 ; honorificentissimo 45. 4; mixtissimos 
98. 3 (see note), (b) Neuters used substantively with a prepo- 
sition, the phrase having an abverbial force (found in the best 



XVI INTRODUCTION. 

writers, but more common from the time of Livy) : e.g., in 
adversis 53. 2; in incerto est 97. 2; in ultimum erupit 125. 2; also 
with comparatives : e.g., inclinatae in deterius 123. 1. (c) Adjec- 
tive in agreement with a substantive instead of a genitive 
depending upon it; see note on principalium 50. 3. (d) Frequent 
use of neuter plural adjective and participle as substantive : e.g., 
ancipitia, perniciosa 125. 4; audita 92. 5; male consultorum 88. 3; 
uUeriora 105. 1. 

IV. Verbs, (a) Simple for compound : e.g., helium quod ciebat 
for conciebat 54. 2 ; otio ac mollitiis Jluens for diffluens 88. 2 ; 
Rapuisti tu M. Ciceroni lucem for Eripuisti 66. 4. (&) Frequent 
use of intensive and iterative verbs, a feature of his oratorical 
style : e.g., dictitans 58. 2 and 60. 2 ; pollicitati 111. 1 ; venditans 
63. 3. (c) Occasional use of reflexives : e.g., se rapuisset 85. 6 ; 
se miscuisset 86. 3. (c?) Medial passive: e.g., npae suorum ad- 
pulsus est 107. 2; genibus eius advolutus est 80. 4. (e) Intransi- 
tives often used impersonally in the passive : e.g., certatum est 
90. 2; saeviretur 120. 6 ; trepidatum (est) 112. 5 ; Venitur ad tempus 
123. 1. (/) Occasional use oiforem for essem: e.g., accersendus 
foret 123. 1 ; deserturi forent 55. 3; eversi forent 115. 4; pariturus 
foret 90. 3. 

V. Moods, (a) Subjunctive with simul, ubi: e.g., simul 
revertisset 88. 1 ; w&i exigeret 88. 2. (6) Frequent use of infini- 
tive with adjectives : e.g., contentus retinere 49. 4 ; Longum est 
narrare 42. 1 ; tutum relinquere 110. 3. (c) Fondness for infin- 
itive, with or without subject accusative, with verbs : e.g., 
retinere conati 46. 3 ; mihi visere contigit 101. 2 ; festinans perve- 
nire 59. 5 ; iussissetque nuntiare 70. 2 ; petere proposuit 53. 1 ; se 
facturum negasset 42. 3 ; speculatus neminem opprimi 118. 2. 

VI. Adverbs. Adhuc with reference to the past, adhuc Gaio 
vivo facere voluerat 103. 2. Hodieque for ^oefte quoque 61. 3; 
81. 2 ; 98. 1. Longe for mw^o to strengthen the comparative, 
45. 5 ; 51. 3 ; 74. 1 ; 79. 3 ; 81. 2. Nunc . . . nunc for modo . . . 
modo, 62. 3 ; 79. 5 ; 98. 2 ; 118. 1 ; 119. 2. Tarn used absolutely, 
45. 1; 82. 1; 110. 3, 5. 

VII. Figures of syntax and rhetoric. Anaphora: e.g., quo 



INTRODUCTION. xvn 

. . . quo, quae . . . quae 89. 1; iam . . . (am . . . iam 111. 2. 
Apostrophe; e.g., Nihil (amen egisti. M. Antoni 66. 3. Asyndeton 
(frequent): e.g., Turn refuhii . . . tranquillitatis 103. 5. Chias- 
mus: e.g., Pt/a . . . dignitas 80. 4. Ellipsis: of eo in (/wo rwift- 
ara sun/, minus egerU stilo 43. 4; of /a/j/o before quanta in iv/tV 
en/tew </u.*: Ga&sius melior quanta vir Brutus 72. 2. Litotes: e.g., 
nan incruentis 112. 6. Pleonasm : e.g., prisca antiquaque 125. 1. 
Polysyndeton : e.g., 83. 2. Synesis : uterque with plural verb, 
63. 3; 66. 1; 95. 2. Zeugma (rare) : e.g., milites optimi impera- 
toris, imperatorem fugacissimi militis functum afficia 85. 5. 

VIII. Oratorical and poetic style. Velleius shows special 
fondness for the oratorical style, notably in chapters QQ and 131. 
He occasionally employs poetic expressions ; see on facem 48. 3. 

IX. Order and arrangement, (a) Inversion of proper names : 
e.g., Pollio Asinius 73. 2; Druso Claudia 97. 2. See note on 
43. 4. (b) Attributive order : e.g., crebris in Illyrico Delmatiaque 
expeditionibus 78. 2 ; multiplices eo bella victorias 96. 3. (c) Ten- 
dency to place the verb at or near the beginning of the sentence : 
e.g., Acciverat 80. 1; Sensit 100. 1 ; Nihil erat 108. 1. (d) Fondness 
for closing the sentence with a substantive : e.g., Antonius 64. 4; 
scientiam 79. 2; victoria 84. 1; militem 111. 1; animus 114. 1; 
Tiberius 124. 4. Tacitus shows a like fondness for placing the 
verb at or near the beginning of the sentence, and the subject, 
or another noun, at the close. Draeger, Syn. u. Stil d. Tac, 
p. 90. (e) Long sentences with numerous adjective and appo- 
sition al expressions, relative and parenthetical clauses : e.g., 
75. 3 ; 83. 1, 2 ; 94. 1, 2, 3 ; 98. 1, 2. 

III. 

The Text. 

In 1515 Beatus Rhenanus found the single MS. through 
which the text of Velleius has come down to us, in the library 
of the Benedictine monastery at Murbach in Upper Alsace. It 
was mutilated at the beginning and at the end. In addition 



XV111 INTRODUCTION. 

to numerous smaller lacunae, almost the whole of the first book 
was missing — causing a break in the narrative from "the rape 
of the Sabines"to the war with King Perseus of Macedonia. 
The age of the Murbach codex cannot now be determined. It 
has been assigned with some degree of positiveness to the tenth 
century, but earlier and later dates have also been suggested. 
It was written in minuscules on parchment. The latter had 
been much injured by age, and the text w T as evidently very 
corrupt. Rhenanus said of it : " The MS. was full of errors. 
Everything in it was in confusion. I verily believe the copyist 
did not understand a single word." 

After waiting in vain in the hope of finding another MS. 
(for it had been reported that there was one at Milan), Rhena- 
nus published the editio princeps at Basel in 1520 ; not from the 
MS. itself, however, but from a copy of it which a friend had 
made for him. Albert Burer, the amanuensis of Rhenanus, 
collated the editio princeps and the Murbach codex, and placed 
the results of his work in an appendix to the former. Soon 
afterwards the Murbach codex itself disappeared. 

Before the editio princeps was published, Boniface Amerbach, 
pupil of Rhenanus, made a copy of Velleius' history for his own 
use. In doing this he was not allowed to use the Murbach 
codex itself, but only the copy which Rhenanus* friend had 
made. In 1830, Orelli found the copy made by Amerbach in 
the public library of Basel. 

The following symbols are employed in discussing the 

text : — 

A — apographum Amerbachii. 

M — codex Murbacensis ex collatione Burerii. 

P — editio princeps Basileensis. 

Many editions of Velleius have been published with copious 

notes containing the results of much laborious study of the 

text, diction, and subject-matter. The following are the most 

important : — 

J. N. Schegkius, Frankfort, 1589. 

V. Acidalxus, Padua, 1590, 



INTRODUCTION. XIX 

J. Lipsius, Leyden, 1591 ; Antwerp, 1607. 

J. Gruter, Frankfort, 1607. 

R. Rignez (Delphini), Paris, 1675. 

N. Heinsius, Amsterdam, 1678. 

P. Burmann, Leyden, 1719 ; 2 vols. 1744. 

D. Ruhnken, 2 vols. Leyden, 1779 ; Leipsic, 1830-9. 

J. C. H. Krause, Leipsic, 1800. 

N. E. Lemaire, Paris, 1822. 

J. C. Orelli, Leipsic, 1835. 

F. Kritz, Leipsic, 1840. 

Text editions by Haase and Halm, Leipsic, 1863 and 1875. 



w SUMMARY, 



SUMMARY. 



Julius Caesar : family, character, offices, ch. 41-43. First 
triumvirate, ch. 44. Clodius; Cicero's exile; capture of Cyprus 
by Cato, ch. 45. Caesar's victories in Gaul; defeat of Crassus in 
Syria, ch. 46. Caesar at Alesia; death of his daughter Julia; 
Pompey's third consulship, ch. 47. Civil war between Caesar 
and Pompey, ch. 48, 49. Caesar invades Spain, ch. 50. Pom- 
pey's victory at Dyrrachium, ch. 51. Battle of Pharsalus and 
death of Pompey, ch. 52, 53. Caesar's victories in Africa and 
Spain ; fivefold triumph ; death, ch. 54-58. 

Octavius, Caesar's heir by will, ch. 59, 60. Defeat of Antony 
at Mutina, ch. 61. Brutus and Cassius honored, ch. 62. Antony 
declared a public enemy ; Cicero's orations against him, ch. 63, 
64. Triumvirate of Octavius, Lepidus, and Antony; proscrip- 
tions ; death of Cicero, ch. 65-67. Points before omitted : defeat 
of Caelius at Thurii ; fate of Milo ; hostility of Epidius and 
Caesetius to Caesar, ch. 68. Movements of Brutus and Cassius 
in the East ; their defeat and death at Philippi, ch. 69-72. Sex. 
Pompey, ch. 73. Return of Octavius ; insurrections in Italy, ch. 
74. Flight of Nero and Livia, ch. 75. Peace between Octavius 
and Antony, ch. 76. Peace with Sex. Pompey, ch. 77. Antony 
marries Octavia, and goes to the East, ch. 78. War in Illyricum 
and Dalmatia; and with Sex. Pompey; his defeat and death, ch. 
78, 79. Octavius and Lepidus, ch. 80. Octavius returns to Rome, 
ch. 81. Antony's deeds in the East, ch. 82, 83. War between 
Octavius and Antony. Battle of Actium ; death of Antony and 
Cleopatra ; clemency of Octavius, ch. 84-87. Plot of M. Lepi- 
dus, ch. 88. Octavius' return to Italy; general peace, ch. 89-91. 
Severity of Saturninus, ch. 92. Death of Marcellus ; marriage 
of Agrippa and Julia, ch. 93, 



SUMMARY. XXI 

Tiberius takes part in public affairs ; victories in the prov- 
inces; he retires to Rhodes, ch. 94-99. Rebellion in Partnia 
and Germany, ch. 100. Travels and death of C. Caesar in the 
East; and death of L. Caesar at Marseilles, ch. 101, 102. Tibe- 
rius and Agrippa adopted by Augustus, ch. 103, 104. Victories 
of Tiberius in Germany, Fannonia, and Dalmatia, ch. 105-115. 
Germanicus ; Vibius ; Cossus, ch. 116. Defeat and death of 
Varus, ch. 117-119. Tiberius in Germany and Gaul; returns 
to Rome and celebrates a triumph, ch. 120-122. Death of 
Augustus, ch. 123. 

Tiberius becomes emperor, ch. 124. Mutiny of the troops in 
Germany and Illyricum, ch. 125. Wise and peaceful rule of 
Tiberius, ch. 126. Sejanus, ch. 127. Excursus on humble origin 
of many eminent Romans, ch. 128. Rhascupolis ; triumph of 
Germanicus; Maroboduus; close of the African war, ch. 129. 
Generosity of Tiberius; death of his sons, grandson, and mother, 
ch. 130. Conclusion. Prayer for safety and prosperity of the 
emperor and empire, ch. 131. 



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VELLEI PATERCITLI 

HISTORIA ROMANA 

AD M. VINICIUM COS. 



LIBEE POSTEKIOR. 

Cap. XLI. — CXXXI. 

Secutus deinde est consulatus C. Caesaris, qui scri-41 
benti manum iniicit et quamlibet festinantem in se 
morari cogit. Hie nobilissinia Iuliorum genitus fami- 
lia et, quod inter omnis antiquitatis peritos constabat, 
ab Anchise ac Venere deducens genus, forma omnium 
civium excellentissimus, vigore animi acerrimus, mu- 
nificentia effusissimus, animo super humanam et na- 
turam et fidem evectus, magnitudine cogitationum, 
celeritate bellandi, patientia periculorum Magno illi 
Alexandro, sed sobrio neque iracundo simillimus, qui 2 
denique semper et cibo et somno in vitam, non in 
voluptatem uteretur, cum fuisset C. Mario sanguine 
coniunctissimus atque idem Cinnae gener, cuius filiam 
ut repudiaret nullo metu compelli potuit, cum M. Piso 
consularis Anniam, quae Cinnae uxor fuerat, in Sullae 
dimisisset gratiam, habuissetque fere duodeviginti 
annos eo tempore, quo Sulla rerum potitus est, magis 
ministris Sullae adiutoribusque partium quam ipso 
conquirentibus eum ad necem mutata veste dissimi- 

l 



2 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 41, 42, 43. 

lemque fortunae suae indutus habitum nocte urbe 
3 elapsus est. Idem postea admodum iuvenis, cum a 
piratis captus esset, ita se per omne spatium, quo ab 
iis retentus est, apud eos gessit, ut pariter iis terrori 
venerationique esset, neque umquam aut nocte aut die 
(cur enim quod vel maximum est, si narrari verbis 
speciosis non potest, omittatur?) aut excalcearetur 
aut discingeretur, in hoc scilicet, ne si quando aliquid 
ex solito variaret, suspectus iis, qui oculis tantum- 
modo eum custodiebant, foret. 

42 Longum est narrare, quid et quotiens ausus sit, 
quanto opere conata eius qui obtinebat Asiam magi- 
stratus populi Eomani metu suo destituerit : illud 

2 referatur documentum tanti mox evasuri viri. Quae 
nox earn diem secuta est, qua publica civitatium pecu- 
nia redemptus est, ita tamen, ut cogeret ante obsides 
a piratis civitatibus dari, contracta classe et privatus 
et tumultuaria manu invectus in eum locum, in quo 
ipsi praedones erant, partem classis fugavit, partem 

3 mersit, aliquot navis multosque mortalis cepit ; lae- 
tusque nocturnae expeditionis triumpho ad suos re- 
vectus est, mandatisque custodiae quos ceperat, in 
Bithyniam perrexit ad proconsulem Iunium (is enim 
cum Asia earn quoque obtinebat) petens, ut auctor 
fieret sumendi de captivis supplicii: quod cum ille se 
facturum negasset venditurumque captivos dixisset 
(quippe sequebatur invidia inertiam), incredibili ce- 
leritate revectus ad mare, priusquam de ea re ulli 
proconsulis redderentur epistulae, omnes, quos ceperat, 
suffixit cruci. 

43 Idem mox ad sacerdotium ineundum (quippe absens 
pontifex factus erat in Cottae consularis locum, cum 



Cap. 43, 44.] HISTOKIA ROMANA. 3 

paene puer a Mario Cinnaque flaraen dialis creatus 
victoria Sullae, qui omnia ab iis acta fecerat irrita, 
amisisset id sacerdotium) festinans in Italiara, ne con- 
spiceretur a praedonibus omnia tunc obtinentibus 
maria et merito iam infestis sibi, quattuor scalmorum 
navem una cum duobus amicis decemque servis ingres- 
sus effusissimum Adriatici maris traiecit sinum. Quo 2 
quidem in cursu conspectis, ut putabat, piratarum 
navibus cum exuisset vestem alligassetque pugionem 
ad femur alterutri se fortunae parans, mox intellexit 
frustratum esse visum suum arborumque ex longinquo 
ordinem antemnarum praebuisse imaginem. Reliqua 3 
eius acta in urbe, nobilissima Cn. Dolabellae accusatio 
et maior civitatis in ea favor, quam reis praestari solet, 
contentionesque civiles cum Q. Catulo atque aliis emi- 
nentissimis viris celeberrimae r et ante praeturam 
victus in maximi pontiflcatus petitione Q. Catulus, 
omnium confessione senatus princeps, et restituta in 4 
aedilitate adversante quidem nobilitate monumenta C. 
Marii, simulque revocati ad ius dignitatis proscripto- 
rum liberi, et praetura quaesturaque mirabili virtute 
atque industria obita in Hispania, (cum esset quaestor 
sub Vetere Antistio, avo huius Veteris consularis atque 
pontificis, duorum consularium et sacerdotum patris, 
viri in tantum boni, in quantum humana simplicitas 
intellegi potest) quo notiora sunt, minus egent stilo. 

Hoc igitur consule inter eum et Cn. Pompeium et 44 
M. Crassum inita potentiae societas, quae urbi orbique 
terrarum nee minus di verso cuique tempore ipsis exitia- 
bilis fuit. Hoc consilium sequendi Pompeius causam 2 
habuerat, ut tandem acta in transmarinis provinciis, 
quibus, ut praediximus, multi obtrectabant, per Cae- 



4 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 44, 45. 

sarem confirmarentur consulem, Caesar autem, quod 
animadvertebat se cedendo Pompei gloriae aucturum 
suam et invidia communis potentiae in ilium relegata 
confirmaturum vires suas, Crassus, ut quern principa- 
tum solus adsequi non poterat, auctoritate Pompei, 

3 viribus teneret Caesaris. Adfinitas etiam inter Caesa- 
rem Pompeiumque contracta nuptiis, quippe Iuliam, 

4 filiam C. Caesaris, Cn. Magnus duxit uxorem. In hoc 
consulatu Caesar legem tulit, ut ager Campanus plebei 
divideretur, suasore legis Pompeio : ita circiter viginti 
milia civium eo deducta et ius urbis restitutum post 
annos circiter centum quinquaginta duos quam bello 
Punico ab Romanis Capua in formam praefecturae re- 

5 dacta erat. Bibulus, collega Caesaris, cum actiones 
eius magis vellet impedire quam posset, maiore parte 
anni domi se tenuit : quo facto dum augere vult invi- 
diam collegae, auxit potentiam. Turn Caesari decretae 
in quinquennium Galliae. 

45 Per idem tempus P. Clodius, homo nobilis, disertus, 
audax, qui que neque dicendi neque faciendi ullum 
nisi quern vellet nosset modum, "malorum proposito- 
rum executor acerrimus, infamis etiam sororis stupro 
et actus incesti reus ob initum inter religiosissima 
populi Eomani sacra adulterium, cum graves inimici- 
tias cum M. Cicerone exerceret (quid enim inter tarn 
dissimiles amicum esse poterat?) et a patribus ad 
plebem transisset, legem in tribunatu tulit, qui civem 
Eomanum indemnatum interemisset, ut ei aqua et igni 
interdiceretur : cuius verbis etsi non nominabatur 
2 Cicero, tarn en solus petebatur. Ita vir optime meri- 
tus de re publica conservatae patriae pretium calami- 
tatem exilii tulit. Non caruerunt suspicione oppressi 



Cap. 45, 46.] HISTORIA ROMANA. 5 

Ciceronis Caesar et Pompeius. Hoc sibi contraxisse 
videbatur Cicero, quod inter viginti viros dividendo 
agro Cainpano esse noluisset. Idem intra biennium 3 
sera Cn. Pompei cura, verum ut coepit intenta, 
votisque Italiae ac decretis senatus, virtute atque 
actione Annii Milonis tribuni plebis dignitati patriae- 
que restitutus est. Neque post Numidici exilium aut 
reditum quisquam aut expulsus invidiosius aut recep- 
tus est laetius : cuius domus quam infeste a Clodio 
disiecta erat, tarn speciose a senatu restituta est. 
Idem P. Clodius in tribunatu sub honorificentissimo 4 
ministerii titulo M. Catonem a re publica relegavit: 
quippe legem tulit, ut is quaestor cum iure praetorio 
adiecto etiam quaestore mitteretur in insulam Cyprum 
ad spoliandum regno Ptolemaeum, omnibus morum 
vitiis earn contumeliam meritum. Sed ille sub adven- 5 
turn Catonis vitae suae vim intulit. Unde pecuniam 
longe sperata maiorem Cato Eomam retulit: cuius 
integritatem laudari nefas est, insolentia paene argui 
potest, quod una cum consulibus ac senatu effusa civi- 
tate obviam, cum per Tiberim subiret navibus, non 
ante iis egressus est, quam ad eum locum pervenit, ubi 
erat exponenda pecunia. 

Cum deinde inmanis res vix multis voluminibus 46 
explicandas C. Caesar in Gallia ageret nee contentus 
plurimis ac felicissimis victoriis innumerabilibusque 
caesis et captis hostium milibus etiam in Britanniam 
traiecisset exercitum, alterum paene imperio nostro ac 
suo quaerens orbem, vetus par consulum, Cn. Pompeius 
et M. Crassus, alterum iniere consulatum, qui neque 
petitus honeste ab iis neque probabiliter gestus est. 
Caesari lege, quam Pompeius ad populum tulit, proro- 2 



VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 46, 47. 

gatae in idem spatium temporis provinciae, Crasso bel- 
lum Parthicum iam animo molienti Syria decreta: qui 

vir cetera sanctissimus imnmnisque voluptatibus neque 
in pecunia neque in gloria concupiscenda aut modum 

3 norat aut eapiebat terminum. Hunc proficiscenteni 
in Syriam diris cum ominibus tribuni plebis frustra 
retinere conati : quorum execrationes si in ipsum tan- 
tummodo valuissent, vile imperatoris damnum salvo 

4 exercitu fuisset rei publicae. Transgressum Euphra- 
ten Crassum petentemque Seleuciam circumfusus in- 
manibus copiis equitum rex Orod.es una cum parte 
maiore Romani exercitus interemit. Eeliquias legio- 
num C. Cassius, atrocissimi mox auctor facinoris, turn 
quaestor, conservavit Syriamque adeo in populi Eomani 
potestate retinuit, ut transgressos in earn Parthos felici 
rerum eventu fugaret ac funderet. 

47 Per haec insequentiaque et quae praediximus tempora 
amplius quadringenta milia hostium a C. Caesare caesa 
sunt, plura capta ; pugnatum saepe de recta acie, saepe 
[in] agminibus, saepe eruptionibus, bis penetrata Bri- 
tannia, novem denique aestatibus Vix ulla non iustissi- 
mus triumphus emeritus. Circa Alesiam vero tantae 
res gestae, quantas audere vix hominis, perficere paene 

2 nullius nisi dei fuerit. Quarto ferme anno Caesar 
morabatur in Galliis, cum medium iam ex invidia 
potentiae male cohaerentis inter Cn. Pompeium et C. 
Caesarem concordiae pignus Iulia, uxor Magni, deces- 
sit: atque omnia inter destinatos tanto discrimini 
duces dirimente fortuna filius quoque parvus Pompei, 

3 Iulia natus, intra breve spatium obiit. Turn in gladios 
caedesque civium furente ambitu, cuius neque finis 
reperiebatur nee modus, tertius consulatus soli Cn. 



Qap.47,48.] HISTOMA ROMANA. 7 

Pompeio etiaui adversantium antea dignitati eius iudi- 
cio delatus est, cuius ille honoris gloria veluti recon- 
ciliatis sibi optimatibus maxime a C. Caesare alienatus 
est; sed eius consulatus omnem vim in coercitione 
ambitus exercuit. Quo tempore P. Clodius a Milone 4 
candidate) consulatus exemplo inutili, sed facto salutari 
rei publicae circa Bovillas contracta ex occursu rixa 
iugulatus est. Milonem reum non magis invidia facti 
quam Pompei damnavit voluntas ; quern quidem M. 5 
Cato palam lata absolvit sententia : qui si maturius 
tulisset, non clefuissent qui sequerentur exemplum 
probarentque eum civem occisurn, quo nemo pernicio- 
sior rei publicae neque bonis inimicior vixerat. 

Intra breve deinde spatium belli civilis exarserunt 48 
initia, cum iustissimus quisque et a Caesare et a Pom- 
peio vellet dimitti exercitus ; quippe Pompeius in se- 
cundo consulatu Hispanias sibi decerni voluerat easque 
per triennium absens ipse ac praesidens urbi per Afra- 
nium et Petreium, consularem ac praetorium, legatos 
suos, aclministrabat et iis, qui a Caesare dimittendos 
exercitus contendebant, adsentabatur, iis, qui ab ipso 
quoque, adversabatur. Qui si ante biennium, quam ad 2 
arma itum est, perfectis muneribus theatri et aliorum 
operum, quae ei circumdedit, gravissima temptatus 
valetudine decessisset in Campania, (quo quidem tem- 
pore universa Italia vota pro salute eius primi omnium 
civium suscepit) defuisset fortunae destruendi eius 
locus et, quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, 
inlibatam detulisset ad inferos. Bello autem civili et 3 
tot, quae deinde per continuos viginti annos consecuta 
sunt, malis non alius maiorem flagrantioremque quam 
C- Curio tribunus plebis subiecit facem, vir nobilis, elo- 



8 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 48, 49. 

quens, audax, suae alienaeque et fortunae et pudicitiae 
prodigus, homo ingeniosissime nequam et facundus 

4 nialo publico, cuius animo [voluptatibus vel libidini- 
bus] neque opes ullae neque cupiditates sufficere pos- 
sent. Hie primo pro Pompei partibus, id est, ut tunc 
habebatur, pro re publica, mox simulatione contra 
Pompeium et Caesarem, sed animo pro Caesare stetit. 
Id gratis an accepto centies sestertio fecerit, ut accepi- 

5 mus, in medio relinquemus. Ad ultimum saluberrimas 
[et] coalescentis condiciones pacis, quas et Caesar 
iustissimo animo postulabat et Pompeius aequo re- 
cipiebat, discussit ac rupit, unice cavente Cicerone 
concordiae publicae. Harum praeteritarumque rerum 
ordo cum iustis aliorum voluminibus promatur, turn, 

6 uti spero, nostris explicabitur. Nunc proposito operi 
sua forma reddatur, si prius gratulatus ero Q. Catulo, 
duobus Lucullis Metelloque et Hortensio, qui, cum 
sine invidia in re publica floruissent eminuissentque 
sine periculo, quieta aut certe non praecipitata fatali 
ante initium bellorum civilium morte functi sunt. 

49 Lentulo et Marcello consulibus post urbem conditam 
annis septingentis et tribus, ante annos octo et septua- 
ginta, quam tu, M. Vinici, consulatum inires, bellum 

2 civile exarsit. Alterius ducis causa melior videbatur, 
alterius erat firmior : hie omnia speciosa, illic valentia : 
Pompeium senatus auctoritas, Caesarem militum ar- 
mavit fiducia. Consules senatusque causae nomine 

3 Pompeio summam imperii detulerunt. Nihil relictum 
a Caesare, quod servandae pacis causa temptari posset, 
nihil receptum a Pompeianis, cum alter consul iusto 
esset ferocior, Lentulus vero salva re publica salvus 
esse non posset, M. autem Cato moriendum ante, 



Cap. 49, 50, 51.] HISTORIA ROMANA. 9 

quam ullam condieionem civis accipiendam rei pu- 
blicae contenderet. Vir antiquus et gravis Pompei 
partes laudaret magis, prudens sequeretur Caesaris et 
ilia gloriosiora, haec terribiliora duceret. Ut cleinde 4 
spretis omnibus quae Caesar postulaverat. tantum- 
modo contentus cum una legione titulum retinere 
provinciae, privatus in urbem venire t et se in peti- 
tione consulatus suffragiis populi Eomani committeret 
deerevere, ratus bellandum Caesar cum exercitu Rubi- 
conem transiit. Cn. Pompeius consulesque et maior 
pars senatus relicta urbe ac deinde Italia transmisere 
DyrrachiunL 

At Caesar Domitio legionibusque, quae Corfini una 50 
cum eo fuerant, potitus, duce aliisque, qui voluerant 
abire ad Pornpeium, sine dilatione diinissis, persecutus 
Brundusium, ita ut appareret malle integris rebus [et] 
condicionibus finire bellum quam opprimere fugientis, 
cum transgressos reperisset consules, in urbem revertit 2 
redditaque ratione consiliorum suorum in senatu et 
in contione ac niiserrimae necessitudinis. cum alienis 
armis ad arma compulsus esset, Hispanias petere de- 
crevit. Festinationem itineris eius aliquamdiu morata 3 
Massilia est, fide melior quam consilio prudentior, 
intempestive principalium armorum arbitria captans, 
quibus lii se debent interponere, qui non parentem 
coercere possunt. Exercitus deinde, qui sub Afranio 4 
consulari ac Petreio praetorio fuerat, ipsius adventus 
vigore ac fulgore occupatus se Caesari tradidit ; uter- 
que legatorum et quisquis cuiusque ordinis sequi eos 
voluerat, remissi ad Pornpeium. 

Proximo anno cum Dyrraehium ac vicina ei urbi51 
regio castris Pompei obtineretur, qui accitis ex omni- 



10 YKLLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 51, 52. 

bus transmarinis provinciis legionibus, equitum ac 
peditum auxiliis, regumque et tetrarcliarum simnlque 
dynastarum copiis inmanem exercitum confecerat et 
mare praesidiis classium, ut rebatur, saepserat, quo 

2 minus Caesar legiones posset transmittere, sua et 
celeritate et fortuna C. Caesar usus nihil in mora 
liabuit, quo minus eo quo vellet ipse exercitusque 
classibus perveniret, et primo paene castris Pompei 
sua iungeret, mox etiam obsidione munimentisque eum 
complecteretur. Sed inopia obsidentibus quam obses- 

3 sis erat gravior. Turn Balbus Cornelius excedente 
liumanam fidem temeritate ingressus castra hostium 
saepiusque cum Lentulo conlocutus consule, dubitante 
quanti se venderet, illis incrementis fecit viain, quibus 
non in Hispania ex cive natus, sed Hispanus, in tri- 
umphum et pontificatum adsurgeret fieretque ex pri- 
vato consularis. Variatum deinde proeliis^ sed uno 
longe magis Pompeianis prospero, quo graviter impulsi 
sunt Caesaris milites. 

52 Turn Caesar cum exercitu fatalem victoriae suae 

2 Thessaliam petiit. Pompeius, longe diversa aliis sua- 
dentibus, quorum plerique hortabantur, ut in Italiam 
transmitteret (neque hercules quidquam partibus illis 
salubrius fuit), alii, ut bellum traheret, quod digna- 
tione partium in dies ipsis magis prosperum fieret, 

3 usus impetu suo hostem secutus est. Aciem Pharsali- 
cam et ilium cruentissimum Eomano nomini diem 
tantumque utriusque exercitus profusum sanguinis et 
conlisa inter se duo rei publicae capita eflossumque 
alterum Eomani imperii lumen et tot talesque Pom- 
peianarum partium caesos viros non recipit enarranda 

4 hie scripturae modus. Illud notandum est : ut primum 



Cap. 52, 53.] HISTORIA ROMAN A. 11 

C. Caesar inclinatam viditPoinpeianorum aciem, neque 
prius neque antiquius quidquam habuit, quam ut in 

omnes partes, ut militari verbo ex consuetudine utar, 
dimitteret. . . . Pro dii immortales, quod huius volun- 5 
tatis erga Brutum suae postea vir tarn mitis pretium 
tulit ! Nihil in ilia victoria mirabilius, magnificentius, 6 
clarius fuit, quam quod neminem nisi acie consumptum 
civem patria desideravit : sed munus misericordiae cor- 
rupit pertinacia, cum libentius vitam victor iam daret, 
quam victi acciperent. 

Pompeius profugiens cum cluobus Lentulis consulari-53 
bus Sextoque filio et Favonio praetorio, quos comites 
ei fortuna adgregaverat, aliis, ut Parthos, aliis, ut 
Africam pete ret, in qua fidelissimum partium suarum 
haberet regem Iubam, suadentibus, Aegyptum petere 
proposuit memor beneficiorum, quae in patrem eius 
Ptolemaei, qui turn puero quam iuveni propior regna- 
bat Alexandriae, contulerat. Sed quis in adversis 2 
benetlciorum servat memoriam ? aut quis ullam ca- 
lamitosis deberi putat gratiam ? aut quando fortuna 
non mutat fidem ? Missi itaque ab rege, qui venientem 
Cn. Pompeium (is iam a Mytilenis Corneliam uxorem 
receptam in navem fugae comitem habere coeperat) 
consilio Theodoti et Achillae exciperent hortarentur- 
que, ut ex oneraria in earn navem, quae obviam pro- 
cesserat, transcenderet : quod cum fecisset, princeps 
Romani nominis imperio arbitrioque Aegyptii mancipii 
C. Caesare P. Servilio consulibus iugulatus est. Hie 3 
post tres consulatus et totidem triumplios domitumque 
terrarum orbem sanctissimi atque praestantissimi viri 
in id evecti, super quod ascendi non potest, duodesexa- 
gesimum annum agentis pridie natalem ipsius vitae 



1- \ ELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 53, 54, 55 

fuit exitus. in tantum in illo viro a se discordante for- 
tuna. ut cui modo ad victoriam terra defuerat, deesset 
4 ad sepulturam. Quid aliud quam nimium occupatos 
dixerim, quos in aetate et tanti et paene nostri saeculi 
viri fefellit quinquennium ? cum a C. Atilio et Q. 
Servilio consulibus tain facilis esset annorum digestio. 
Quod adieci, non ut arguerem, sed ne arguerer. 

54 Non fuit maior in Caesarem, quam in Pompeium 
fuerat, regis eorurnque, quorum is auctoritate regeba- 
tur, tides. Quippe cum venientem eum temptassent 
insidiis ac deinde bello lacessere auderent, utrique 
summorum imperatorum, alteri mortuo, alteri super- 

2 stiti meritas poenas luere suppliciis. Nusquam erat 
Pompeius corpore, adhuc ubique vivebat nomine. 
Quippe ingens partium eius favor bellum excitaverat 
Africum, quod ciebat rex Iuba et Scipio, vir consularis, 
ante biennium quam extingueretur Pompeius, lectus 

3 ab eo socer, eorumque copias auxerat M. Cato, ingenti 
cum difficult ate itinerum locorumque inopia perductis 
ad eos legionibus : qui vir cum summum ei a militibus 
deferretur imperium, lionoratiori parere maluit. 

55 Admonet promissae brevitatis fides, quanto omnia 
transcursu dicenda sint. Sequens fortunam suam 
Caesar pervectus in Africam est, quam occiso C. Curi- 
one, Iulianarum duce partium, Pompeiani obtinebant 
exercitus. Ibi primo varia fortuna, mox pugnavit sua, 

2 inclinataeque hostium copiae : nee dissimilis ibi ad- 
versus victos quam in priores dementia Caesaris fuit. 
Victorem Africani belli Caesarem gravius excepit 
Hispaniense (nam victus ab eo Pharnaces vix quid- 
quam gloriae eius adstruxit), quod Cn. Pompeius, 
Magni filius, adulescens impetus ad bella maximi, 



CAP. 65, 56.] HISTORIA ROMANA. 13 

ingens ac terribile conflaverat, undique ad eum aclhuc 
paterni nominis niagnitudinem sequentium ex toto 
orbe terrarum auxiliis confluentibus. Sua Caesarem 3 
in Hispaniam comitata fortima est, sed nullum umquam 
atrocius periculosiusque ab eo initum proelium, adeo 
lit plus quam dubio Marte descenderet equo consis- 
tensque ante recedentem suorum aciem, increpita prius 
fortuna, quod se in eum servasset exitum, denuntiaret 
militibus vestigio se non recessurum: proinde vide- 
rent, quern et quo loco imperatorem deserturi forent. 
Verecundia magis quam virtute acies restituta, et cer- 4 
tatum a duce quam a milite fortius. Cn. Pompeius 
gravis vulnere inventus inter solitudines avias inter- 
emptus est ; Labienum Varumque acies abstulit. 

Caesar omnium victor regressus in urbem, quod 56 
liumanam excedat fideni, omnibus, qui contra se arma 
tulerant, ignovit, et magnificentissimis gladiatorii mu- 
neris, naumachiae et equitum peditunique, simul ele- 
phantorum certaminis spectaculis epulique per multos 
dies dati cele'bratione replevit earn. Quinque egit tri- 2 
umphos : Gallici apparatus ex citro, Pontici ex acan- 
tho, Alexandrini testudine, Africi ebore, Hispaniensis 
argento rasili constitit. Pecunia ex manubiis lata 
paulo amplius sexiens miliens sestertium. Neque illi 3 
tanto viro et tarn clementer omnibus victoriis suis 
uso plus quinque mensium principalis quies contigit. 
Quippe cum mense Octobri in urbem revertisset, idi- 
bus Martiis, coniurationis auctoribus Bruto et Cassio, 
quorum alterum promittendo consulatum non obliga- 
verat, contra differendo Cassium offenderat, adiectis 
etiam consiliariis caedis familiarissimis omnium et 
fortuna partium eius in summum evectis fastigium, D. 



14 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 56, 57, 58. 

Bruto et C. Trebonio aliisque clari nominis viris, in- 
teremptus est. Cui magiiam invidiam conciliarat M. 
Antonius, omnibus audendis paratissimus, consulatus 
collega, inponendo capiti eius Lupercalibus sedentis 
pro rostris insigne regium, quod ab eo ita repulsum 
erat, ut non offensus videretur. 

57 Laiidandum experientia consilium est Pansae atque 
Hirtii, qui semper praedixerant Caesari, ut principa- 
tum armis quaesitum armis teneret: ille dictitans 
mori se quani timeri malle dum clementiam, quam 
praestiterat, expectat, incautus ab ingratis occupatus 
est, cum quidem plurima ei praesagia atque indicia dii 

2 immortales futuri obtulissent periculi. Nam et haru- 
spices praemonuerant, ut diligentissime iduum Martia- 
rum caveret diem, et uxor Calpurnia territa nocturno 
visu, ut ea die domi subsisteret, orarat, et libelli con- 
iurationem nuntiantes dati neque protinus ab eo lecti 

3 erant. Sed profecto ineluctabilis fatorum vis, cu- 
iuscumque fortunam mutare constituit, consilia cor- 
rumpit. 

58 Quo anno id patravere facinus Brutus et Cassius, 

2 praetores erant, D. Brutus consul designatus : hi una 
cum coniurationis globo, stipati gladiatorum D. Bruti 
manu, Capitolium occupavere. Turn consul Antonius 
(quern cum simul interimendum censuisset Cassius 
testamentumque Caesaris abolendum, Brutus repugna- 
verat dictitans nihil amplius civibus praeter tyranni 
— ita enim appellari Caesarem facto eius expediebat 

3 — petendum esse sanguinem) convocato senatu, cum 
iam Dolabella, quern substituturus sibi Caesar designa- 
verat consulem, fasces atque insignia corripuisset 
consulis, velut pacis auctor liberos suos obsides in 



Cap. 58, 59.] HISTOKIA ROMANA. 15 

Capitolium misit fidemque descendendi tuto interfec- 
toribus Caesaris dedit. Et illud decreti Atheniensium 4 
celeberrimi exemplum, relatum a Cicerone, oblivionis 
praeteritarum rerum decreto patrum comprobatum est. 

Caesaris deinde testamentum apertum est, quo C. 59 
Octavium, nepotem sororis suae luliae, adoptabat. 
De cuius origine, etiam si per se nitet, pauca dicenda 
sunt. Fuit C. Octavius ut non patricia, ita admodum 2 
speciosa equestri genitus familia, gravis, sanctus, inno- 
cens, dives. Hie praetor inter nobilissimos viros 
creatus primo loco, cum ei dignatio Iulia genitam 
Atiam conciliasset uxorem, ex eo honore sortitus 
Macedoniarn appellatusque in ea imperator, decedens 
ad petitionem consulatus obiit praetextato relicto 
filio. Quern C. Caesar, maior eius avunculus, edu- 3 
catum apud Philippum vitricum dilexit ut suum, 
natumque annos duodeviginti Hispaniensis militiae 
adsecutum se postea coniitem habuit, numquam aut 
alio usum liospitio quam suo aut alio vectum vehiculo, 
pontificatusque sacerdotio pueruni honoravit. Et pa- 4 
tratis bellis civilibus ad erudiendam liberalibus disci- 
plinis singularis indolem iuvenis Apolloniam eum in 
studia miserat, mox belli Getici ac deinde Parthici 
habiturus commilitonem. Cui ut est nuntiatum de 5 
caede avunculi, cum protinus ex vicinis legionibus 
centuriones suam suorumque militum operam ei polli- 
cerentur neque earn spernendam Salvidienus et 
Agrippa dicerent, ille festinans pervenire in urbem 
omnem ordinem ac rationem et necis et testamenti 
Brundusii comperit. Cui adventanti Komam inmanis 6 
amicorum occurrit frequentia, et cum intraret urbem, 
solis orbis super caput eius curvatus aequaliter rotun- 



16 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 59, 60, 01. 

datusque in colorem arcus velut coronam tanti mox 
viri capiti imponens conspectus est. 

60 Non placebat Atiae matri Philippoque vitrico adiri 
nomen invidiosae fortunae Caesaris, sed adserebant 

ilutaria rei publicae terrarumque orbis fata condi- 

2 tore m conservatoremque Romani nominis. Sprevit 
itaque caelestis animus humana consilia et cum peri- 
culo potius summa quam tuto humilia proposuit sequi 
maluitque avunculo et Caesari de se quam vitrico cre- 
dere, dictitans nefas esse, quo nomine Caesari dignus 

3 esset visus, semet ipsum sibi videri indignum. Hunc 
protinus Antonius consul superbe excepit (neque is 
erat contemptus, sed metus) vixque admisso in Pom- 
peianos liortos loquendi secum tempus dedit, mox 
etiam velut insidiis eius petitus sceleste insimulare 
coepit, in quo turpiter deprehensa eius vanitas est. 

4 Aperte deinde Antonii ac Dolabellae consilium ad 
nefanclam dominationem erupit furor. Sestertium 
septiens miliens, depositum a C. Caesare ad aedem 
Opis, occupatum ab Antonio, actorum eiusdem insertis 
falsis vitiatisque corrupti commentarii atque omnia 
pretio temperata, vendente rem publicam consule. 

5 Idem provinciam D. Bruto designato consuli decretam 
Galliam occupare statuit, Dolabella transmarinas de- 
crevit sibi ; interque naturaliter dissimillimos ac 
diversa volentis crescebat odium, eoque C. Caesar 
iuvenis cotidianis Antonii petebatur insidiis. 

61 Torpebat oppressa clominatione Antonii civitas : in- 
dignatio et dolor omnibus, vis ad resistendum nulli 
aderat, cum C. Caesar undevicesimum annum ingres- 
sus, mira ausus ac summa consecutus privato consilio 

2 maiorem senatu pro re publica animum habuit pri- 



Cap. 61, 62.] HISTORIA ROMANA. 17 

mumque a Calatia, mox a Casilino veteranos excivit 
paternos : quorum exemplum secuti alii brevi in formam 
iusti coiere exercitus. Mox cum Anton ius occurrisset 
exercitui, quern ex transmarinis provinciis Brundusium 
venire iusserat, legio Martia et quarta cognita et sena- 
tus voluntate et tanti iuvenis indole sublatis signis ad 
Caesarem se contulerunt. Eum senatus honoratum 3 
equestri statua, quae hodieque in rostris posita aeta- 
tem eius scriptura indicat, (qui honor non alii per 
trecentos annos quam L. Sullae et Cn. Pompeio et C. 
Caesari contigerat) pro praetore una cum consulibus 
designatis Hirtio et Pansa bellum cum Antonio gerere 
iussit. Id ab eo annum agente vicesimum fortissime 4 
circa Mutinam administratum est et D. Brutus obsidi- 
one liberatus. Antonius turpi ac nuda fuga coactus 
deserere Italiam, consulum autem alter in acie, alter 
post paucos dies ex volnere mortem obiit. 

Omnia ante quam fugaretur Antonius honorifice a 62 
senatu in Caesarem exercitumque eius decreta sunt 
maxime auctore Cicerone ; sed ut recessit metus, erupit 
voluntas protinusque Pompeianis partibus rediit ani- 
mus. Bruto Cassioque provinciae, quas iam ipsi sine 2 
ullo senatus consulto occupaverant, decretae, laudati 
quicumque se iis exercitus tradidissent, omnia trans- 
marina imperia eorum commissa arbitrio. Quippe M. 3 
Brutus et C. Cassius, nunc metuentes arma Antonii, 
nunc ad augendam eius invidiam simulantes se metu- 
ere, testati edictis libenter se vel in perpetuo exilio 
victuros, dum rei publicae constaret concordia, nee 
ullam belli civilis praebituros materiam, plurimum 
sibi honoris esse in conscientia facti sui, profecti urbe 
atque Italia ; intento ac pari animo sine auctoritate 



18 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 62, 03. 

publica provincias exercitusque occupaverant et, ubi- 
cumque ipsi essent, praetexentes esse rem publieam, 
pecunias etiam, quae ex transmarinis provinciis 
Remain ab quaestoribus deportabantur, a volentibus 
■i acceperaut. Quae omnia senatus decretis comprensa 
et coniprobata sunt et D. Bruto, quod alieno beneficio 
viveret, decretus triumphus, Pansae atque Hirtii cor- 

5 pora publica sepultura honorata, Caesaris adeo nulla 
liabita mentio, ut legati, qui ad exercitum eius missi 
erant, iuberentur summoto eo milites adloqui. Non- 
fuit tarn ingratus exercitus, quam f uerat senatus : nam 
cum earn iniuriam dissimulando Caesar ipse ferret, 
negavere milites sine imperatore suo ulla se audituros 

6 man data. Hoc est illud tempus, quo Cicero insito 
amore Pompeianarum partium Caesarem laudandum 
et tollendum censebat, cum aliud diceret, aliud intel- 
legi vellet. 

63 Interim Antonius fuga transgressus Alpes, primo 
per conloquia repulsus a M. Lepido, qui pontifex 
maximus in C. Caesaris locum furto creatus decreta 
sibi Hispania adhuc in Gallia morabatur, mox saepius 
in conspectum veniens militum (cum et Lepido omnes 
imperatores forent meliores et multis Antonius, dum 
erat sobrius), per aversa castrorum proruto vallo a 
militibus receptus est : qui titulo imperii cedebat 

2 Lepido, cum summa virium penes eum foret. Sub 
Antonii ingressum in castra Iuventius Laterensis, vir 
vita ac morte consentaneus, cum acerrime suasisset 
Lepido, ne se cum Antonio hoste iudicato iungeret, 

3 inritus consilii gladio se ipse transfixit. Plancus 
deinde dubia, id est sua fide, diu quarum esset par- 
tium secum luctatus ac sibi difficile consentiens, et 



CAP. 63, 64, 65.] HISTORIA ROMANY. 1!> 

nunc adiutor D. Bruti designati consulis, collegae sui, 
senatuique se litteris venditans, mox eiusdem proditor, 
Asinius autem Pollio firmus proposito et Iulianis par- 
ti bus fiduSj Pompeianis adversus, uterque exercitus 
tradidere Antonio. 

D. Brutus desertus primo a Planco, postea etiam 64 
insidiis eiusdem petitus, paulatim relinquente eum 
exercitu fugiens in hospitis cuiusdam nobilis viri, 
nomine Cameli, domo ab iis, quos miserat Antonius, 
iugulatus est iustissimasque optime de se merito viro 
C. Caesari poenas dedit, cuius cum primus omnium 2 
amicorum fuisset. interfector fuit et fortunae, ex qua 
fructum tulerat, invidiam in auctorem relegabat cense- 
batque aequum, quae acceperat a Caesare, retinere, 
Caesarem, qui ilia dederat, perire. Haec sunt tern- 3 
pora, quibus M. Tullius continuis actionibus aeternas 
Antonii memoriae inussit notas, sed hie fulgentissimo 
et caelesti ore, at tribunus Cannutius canina rabie 
lacerabat Antonium. Utrique vindicta libertatis 4 
morte stetit; sed tribuni sanguine commissa pro- 
scription Ciceronis ut satiato .Antonio paene finita. 
Lepidus deinde a senatu hostis iudicatus est, ut ante 
fuerat Antonius. 

Turn inter eum Caesaremque et Antonium com- 65 
mercia epistularum et condicionum iacta mentio, 
cum Antonius et subinde Caesarem admoneret, quam 
inimicae ipsi Pompeianae partes forent et in quod 
iam emersissent fastigium et quanto Ciceronis studio 
Brutus Cassiusque attollerentur, denuntiaretque se 
cum Bruto Cassioque, qui iam decern et septem legio- 
num potentes erant, iuncturum vires suas, si Caesar 
eius aspernaretur concordiam, diceretque plus Cae- 



'20 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 65, 66. 

2 sarem patris quam se amici ultioni debere. Turn igi- 
tur inita potentiae societas et hortantibus orantibusque 
exercitibus inter Antonium etiam et Caesarem facta 
adfinitas, cum esset privigna Antonii desponsata Cae- 
sari. Consulatumque iniit Caesar pridie quam viginti 
annos impleret decimo Kal. Octobres cum collega Q. 
Pedio post urbem conditam annis septingentis et 
novem, ante duos et septuaginta, quam tu, M. Vinici, 

3 consulatum inires. Vidit hie annus Ventidium, per 
quam urbem inter captivos Picentium in triumpho 
ductus erat, in ea consularem praetextam iungentem 
praetoriae. Idem hie postea triumphavit. 

66 Furente deinde Antonio simulque Lepido, quorum 
uterque, ut praediximus, hostes iudicati erant, cum 
ambo mallent sibi nuntiari, quid passi essent, quam 
quid meruissent, repugnante Caesare, sed frustra 
ad versus duos, instauratum Sullani exempli malum, 

2 proscriptio. Nihil tarn indignum illo tempore fuit, 
quam quod aut Caesar aliquem proscribere coactus est 
aut ab ullo Cicero proscriptus est. Abscisaque scelere 
Antonii vox publica est, cum eius salutem nemo de- 
fendisset, qui per tot annos et publicam civitatis et 

3 privatam civium defenderat. Nihil tamen egisti, 
M. Antoni, (cogit enim excedere propositi formam 
operis erumpens animo ac pectore indignatio) nihil, 
inquam, egisti mercedem caelestissimi oris et claris- 
simi capitis abscisi numerando auctoramentoque fu- 
nebri ad conservatoris quondam rei publicae tantique 

4 consulis inritando necem. Eapuisti tu M. Ciceroni 
lucem sollicitam et aetatem senilem et vitam miserio- 
rem te principe quam sub te triumviro mortem, famam 
vero gloriamque factorum atque dictorum adeo non 



Cap. GG, 67, 68.] HISTORIA ROMANA. 21 

abstidisti, ut auxeris. Vivit vivetque per omnem sae- 5 
culorum memoriam, dumque hoc vel forte vel provi- 
dentia vel utcumque constitutum rerum naturae cor- 
pus, quod ille paene solus Komanorum animo vidit, 
ingenio complexus est, eloquentia inluminavit, mane- 
bit incolume, comitem aevi sui laudem Ciceronis trahet 
omnisque posteritas illius in te scripta mirabitur, tuum 
in euni factum execrabitur citiusque e mundo genus 
hominum quam Ciceronis nomen cedet. 

Huius totius temporis fortunam ne deflere quidem 67 
quisquam satis digne potuit, adeo nemo exprimere 
verbis potest. Id tamen notandum est, fuisse in pro- 2 
scriptos uxorum fidem summam, libertorum mediam, 
servorum aliquam, filiorum nullam : adeo difficilis est 
hominibus utcumque conceptae spei mora. Ne quid 3 
ulli sanctum relinqueretur, ut in dotem invitamentum- 
que sceleris Antonius L. Caesarem avunculum, Lepidus 
Paulum fratrem proscripserant ; nee Planco gratia 
defuit ad impetrandum, ut frater eius Plancus Plotius 
proscriberetur. Eoque inter iocos militaris, qui cur- 4 
rum Lepidi Plancique secuti erant, inter execrationem 
civium usurpabant hunc versum : 

De germanis, non de Gallis duo triumphant consules. 

Suo praeteritum loco referatur ; neque enim persona 68 
umbram actae rei capit. Dum in acie Pharsalica acriter 
de summa rerum Caesar dimicat, M. Caelius, vir elo- 
quio animoque Curioni simillimus, sed in utroque per- 
fectior nee minus ingeniose nequam, cum ne immodica 
quidem re servari posset (quippe peior illi res fami- 
liaris quam mens erat), in praetura no varum tabularum 2 
auctor extititnequiitque senatus et consulis auctoritate 
deterreri; accito etiam Milone Annio, qui non impe- 



-- VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. G8, 69. 

trato reditu Iulianis partibus infestus erat, in urbe 
seditionem, in agris liaud occulte bellicum tumultum 
movens, primo suminotus a re publica, mox consular i- 
bus arm is auctore senatu circa Thurios oppressus est. 

3 In incepto pari similis fortuna Milonis fuit, qui Com- 
psam in Hirpinis oppugnans ictusque lapide cum P. 
Clodio, turn patriae, quam armis petebat, poenas dedit, 

4 vir iuquies et ultra fortem temerarius. Quatenus 
autem aliquid ex omissis peto, notetur immodica et 
intempestiva libertate usos adversus C. Caesarem 
Marullum Epidium Flavumque Caesetium tribunos 
plebis, dum arguunt in eo regni voluntatem, paene 

5 vim dominationis expertos. In hoc tamen saepe la- 
cessiti principis ira excessit, ut censoria potius conten- 
tus nota quam animadversione dictatoria summoveret 
eos a re publica testareturque esse sibi miserrimuni, 
quod aut natura sua ei excedendum foret aut minuenda 
dignitas. Sed ad ordinem revertendum est. 

69 lam et Dolabella in Asia C. Trebonium consularem, 
cui succedebat, fraude deceptum. Zmyrnae occiderat, 
virum adversus merita Caesaris ingratissimum par- 
ticipemque caedis eius, a quo ipse in consulare provec- 

2 tus fastigium fuerat, et C. Cassius acceptis a Statio 
Murco et Crispo Marcio, praetoriis viris imperatoribus- 
que ? praevalidis in Syria legionibus, inclusum Dola- 
bellam, qui praeoccupata Asia in Syriam pervenerat, 
Laodiciae expugnata ea urbe interfecerat (ita tamen, 
ut ad ictum servi sui Dolabella non segniter cervicem 
daret) et decern legiones in eo tractu sui iuris fecerat, 

3 et M. Brutus C. Antonio, fratri M. Antonii, in Mace- 
donia Vatinioque circa Dyrrachium volentis legiones 
extorserat (sed Antonium bello lacessierat, Vatinium 



Cap. 69, 70.] HISTORIA ROMANA. 23 

dignatione obruerat, cum et Brutus cuilibet ducum 
praeferendus videretur et Vatinius nulli non esset 
postferendus, in quo deformitas corporis cum turpitu- 4 
dine certabat ingenii, adeo ut animus eius dignissimo 
domicilio inclusus videretur) eratque septein legionibus 
validus. At lege Pedia, quam consul Pedius collega 5 
Caesaris tulerat, omnibus, qui Caesarem patrem inter- 
fecerant, aqua ignique damnatis interdictum erat : quo 
tempore Capito, patruus meus, vir ordinis senatorii, 
Agrippae subscripsit in C. Cassium. Dumque ea in 6 
Italia geruntur, acri atque prosperrimo bello Cassius 
Rhodum, rem inmanis operis, ceperat, Brutus Lycios 
devicerat, et inde in Macedoniam exercitus traiecerant, 
cum per omnia repugnans naturae suae Cassius etiani 
Bruti clementiam vinceret. Neque reperias, quos aut 
pronior fortuna comitata sit aut veluti fatigata matu- 
rius destituerit quam Brutum et Cassium. 

Turn Caesar et Antonius traiecerunt exercitus in 70 
Macedoniam et apud urbem Philippos cum Bruto 
Cassioque acie concurrerunt. Cornu, cui Brutus prae- 
erat, impulsis hostibus castra Caesaris cepit (nam ipse 
Caesar, etiamsi infirmissimus valetudine erat, obibat 
munia ducis, oratus etiam ab Artorio medico, ne in 
castris remaneret, manifesta denuntiatione quietis ter- 
rito), id autem, in quo Cassius fuerat, fugatum ac 
male mulcatum in altiora se receperat loca. Turn 2 
Cassius ex sua fortuna eventum collegae aestimans, 
cum dimisisset evocatum iussissetque nuntiare sibi, 
quae esset multitudo ac vis hominum, quae ad se 
tenderet, tardius eo nuntiante, cum in vicino esset 
agmen cursu ad eum tendentium neque pulvere facies 
aut signa denotari possent, existimans hostes esse, qui 



24 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 70, 71. 

irraerent, lacerna caput circumdedit extentamque cer- 

3 vicem interritus liberto praebuit. Deciderat Cassii 
caput, cum evocatus advenit nuutiaiis Brut um esse 
victorem. Qui cum imperatorem prostratum videret, 
sequar, inquit, eum, quern mea occidit tarditas, et ita 

4 in gladium incubuit. Post paucos deinde dies Brutus 
counixit cum liostibus et victus acie cum in tumulum 
nocte ex fuga se recepisset, impetravit a Stra/tone 
Aegeate, familiari suo, ut manum morituro commo- 

5 daret sibi ; reiectoque laevo super caput bracchio, cum 
mucronem gladii eius dextera tenens sinistrae admo- 
visset mammillae ad eum ipsum locum, qua cor emicat, 
impellens se in vuluus uno ictu transfixus expiravit 
protinus. 

71 Corvinus Messalla, fulgentissimus iuvenis, proximus 
in illis castris Bruti Cassiique auctoritati, cum essent 
qui eum ducem poscerent, servari beneficio Caesaris 
maluit quam dubiam spem armorum temptare amplius ; 
nee aut Caesari quidquam ex victoriis suis; fait laetius 
quam servasse Corvinum aut maius exemplum liominis 
grati ac pii, quam Corvini in Caesarem fuit. Non 
aliud bellum cruentius caede clarissimorum virorum 

2 fuit. Turn Catonis Alius cecidit ; eadem Lucullum 
Hortensiumque, eminentissimorum civium nlios, for- 
tuna abstulit; nam Varro ad ludibrium moriturus 

3 Antonii digna illo ac vera de exitu eius magna cum 
libertate ominatus est. Drusus Livius, Iuliae Augu- 
stae pater, et Varus Quintilius ne temptata quidem 
hostis misericordia alter se ipse in tabernaculo intere- 
mit, Varus autem liberti, quern id facere coegerat, 
manu, cum se insignibus honorum velasset, iugulatus 
est. 



Cap. 72, 73.] HISTORIA ROMAXA. 25 

Hunc exitum M. Bruti partium septimum et tricesi- 72 
mum annum agentis fortuna esse voluit, incorrupto 
animo eius in diem, quae illi omnes virtutes unius 
temeritate facti abstulit. Fuit autem dux Cassius 2 
melior, quanto vir Brutus : e quibus Brutum amicum 
habere nialles, inimicum magis timeres Cassium; in 
altero maior vis, in altero virtus : qui si vicissent, 
quantum rei publicae interfuit Caesarem potius habere 
quam Antonium principem, tantum retulisset habere 
Brutum quam Cassium. Cn. Domitius, pater L. Do- 3 
mitii nuper a nobis visi, eminentissimae ac nobilissi- 
mae simplicitatis viri, avus huius Cn. Domitii, 
clarissimi iuvenis, occupatis navibus cum magno 
sequentium consilia sua comitatu fugae fortunaeque 
se commisit, semet ipso contentus duce partium. 
Statius Murcus, qui classi et custodiae maris praefue- 4 
rat, cum omni commissa sibi parte exercitus navium- 
que Sex. Pompeium, Cn. Magni filium, qui ex Hispania 
revertens Siciliam armis occupaverat, petiit. Ad quern 5 
et e Brutianis castris et ex Italia aliisque terrarum 
partibus, quos praesenti periculo fortuna subduxerat, 
proscripti confluebant : quippe nullum habentibus 
statum quilibet dux erat idoneus, cum fortuna non 
electionem daret, sed perfugium ostenderet exitia- 
lemque tempestatem f ugientibus statio pro portu foret. 

Hie adulescens erat studiis rudis, sermone barbarus, 73 
impetu strenuus, manu promptus, cogitatione celer, 
fide patri dissimillimus, libertorum suorum libertus 
servorumque servus, speciosis invidens, ut pareret hu- 
millimis : quern senatus paene totus adhuc e Pompe- 2 
ianis constans partibus post Antonii a Mutina fugam 
eodem illo tempore, quo Bruto Cassioque transmarinas 



2G VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 73. 74. 

proviucias decreverat. revocatum ex Hispania, ubi ad- 
versus eum clarissimum belluni Pollio Asinius praeto- 
rius gesserat. in paterua bona restituerat et orae 

3 maritimae praefecerat. Is turn, ut praediximus, oeeu- 
pata Sicilia servitia fugitivosque in numeruni exerci- 
tns sni recipiens magnum modum legionum effecerat 
perque Ifenam et Menecraten paternos libertos, prae- 
fectos classium, latrociniis ac praedationibus infestato 
mari ad se exercitumque tuendum rapto utebatur, 
cum eum non depuderet vindicatum arniis ac ductu 
patris sui mare infestare piraticis sceleribus. 

74 Fractis Brutianis Cassianisque partibus Antonius 
transmarinas obiturus provincias substitit. Caesar in 
Italiam se recepit eamque longe quam speraverat 

2 tumultuosiorem repperit. Quippe L. Antonius consul, 
vitiorum fratris sui consors, sed virtutu'm. quae inter- 
dum in illo erant, expers. modo apud veteranos crimi- 
natus Caesarem, modo eos, qui iussa divisione praedio- 
rum nominatisque coloniis agros amiserant. ad arma 

3 conciens magnum exercitum connaverat. Ex altera 
parte uxor Antonii Fulvia, nihil muliebre praeter 
corpus gerens, omnia armis tumultuque miscebat. 
Haec belli sedem Praeneste ceperat ; Antonius pulsus 
undique viribus Caesaris Perusiam se contulerat : 
Plancus, Antonianarum adiutor partiuin, spem magis 

4 ostenderat auxilii, quam opem ferebat Antonio. Usus 
Caesar virtute et fortuna sua Perusiam expugnavit. 
Antonium inviolatum dimisit. in Perusinos magis ira 
militum quam voluntate saevitum ducis : urbs incensa. 
cuius initium incendii princeps eius loci fecit Mace- 
donicuSj qui subiecto rebus ac penatibus suis igni 
transfixum se gladio tlammae intulit. 



Cap. 75, 76.] HISTOiUA ROMANA. 27 

Per eadem tempora exarserat in Campania bellum, 75 
quod professus eorum, qui perdiderant agros, patro- 
cinium ciebat Ti. Claudius Nero praetorius et pontifex, 
Ti. Caesaris pater, magni vir animi doctissimique in- 
genii : id quoqne adventu Caesaris sepultuin atque 
discussum est. Quis fortunae mutationes, quis dubios 2 
rerum humanarum casus satis mirari queat ? quis non 
di versa praesentibus coutrariaque expectatis aut speret 
aut timeat? Livia, nobilissimi et fortissimi viri Drusi 3 
Claudiani filia, genere, probitate, forma Bomanarum 
enrinentissima, quam postea coniugem Augusti vidi- 
mus, quam transgressi ad deos sacerdotem ac riliam, 
turn fugiens mox futuri sui Caesaris arma minus 
bimum lnmc Tiberium Caesarem, vindicem Komani 
imperii futurumque eiusdem Caesaris filium, gestans 
sinu, per avia itinerum vitatis militum gladiis uno 
comitante, quo facilius oecultaretur fuga. pervenit ad 
mare et cum viro Xerone pervecta in Siciliam est. 

Quod alieno testimonium redderem, eo non fraudabo 76 
avum meum. Quippe C. Velleius, honoratissimo inter 
illos trecentos et sexaginta iudices loco a Cn. Pom- 
peio lectus, eiusdem Marcique Bruti ac Ti. Xeronis 
praefectus fabrum, vir nulli secundus, in Campania 
digressu Xeronis a Xeapoli, cuius ob singularem cum 
eo amicitiam partium adiutor fuerat, gravis iam aetate 
et corpore cum conies esse non posset, gladio se ipse 
transfixit. Inviolatam excedere Italia Caesar passus 2 
est Fulviam Plancumque, muliebris fugae comitem : 
nam Pollio Asinius cum septem legionibus, diu retenta 
in potestate Antonii Venetia, magnis speciosisque re- 
bus circa Altinum aliasque eius regionis urbes editis, 
Antonium petens, vagum adhuc Domitium, quern di- 



28 VTELLEI PATERCUU [Cap. 76, 77. 

gressum e Brutianis castris post caedem eius praedixi- 
mus et propriae classis factum ducem, consiliis suis in- 

3 lectum ac fide data iimxit Antonio : quo facto, quisquis 
aequum se praestiterit, sciat non minus a Pollione in 
Antonium quam ab Antonio in Pollionem esse conla- 
tum. Adventus deinde in Italiam Antonii appara- 
tusque contra eum Caesaris habuit belli metum, sed 

4 pax circa Brundusium composita. Per quae tempora 
RufI Salvidieni scelesta consilia patefacta sunt : qui 
natus obscurissimis initiis parum habebat summa 
accepisse et proximus a Cn. Pompeio ipsoque Caesare 
equestris ordinis consul creatus esse, nisi in id ascen- 
disset, e quo infra se et Caesare m videret et rem 
publicam. 

77 Turn expostulante consensu populi, quern gravis 
urebat infesto mari annona, cum Pompeio quoque 
circa Misenum pax inita, qui baud absurde, cum in 
navi Caesaremque et Antonium cena exciperet, dixit 
in carinis suis se cenam dare, referens hoc dictum ad 
loci nomen, in quo paterna domus ab Antonio possi- 

2 debatur. In hoc pacis foedere placuit Siciliam Acha- 
iamque Pompeio concedere, in quo tamen animus 
inquies mane re non potuit. Id unum tantummodo 
salutare adventu suo patriae attulit, quod omnibus 
proscriptis aliisque, qui ad eum ex diversis causis 

3 fugerant, reditum salutemque pactus est : quae res et 
alios clarissimos viros et Neronem Claudium et M. 
Silanum Sentiumque Saturninum et Arruntium ac 
Titium restituit rei publicae. Statium autem Murcum, 
qui adventu suo classisque celeberrimae vires eius 
duplicaverat, insimulatum falsis criminationibus, quia 
talem virum collegam officii Mena et Menecrates fasti- 
dierant, Pompeius in Sicilia interfecerat, 



Cap. 78, 79.] IIISTORIA ROMANA. 29 

Hoc tractu temporum Octaviain, sororem Caesaris, 78 
M. Antonius duxit uxorem. Bedierat Pompeius in 
Siciliam, Antonius in transmarinas provincial, quas 

magnis molimentis Labienus, ex Brutianis castris pro- 
fectus ad Parthos, perducto eorum exercitu in Syriam 

interfectoque legato Antonii concusserat : qui virtute 
et ductu Ventidii una cum Parthorum copiis celeberri- 
moqne iuvenum Pacoro, regis filio, extinctus est. In- 2 
terim Caesar per haec tempora, ne res disciplinae 
inimicissima, otium, corrumperet ruilitem, crebris in 
Illyrico Delmatiaque expeditionibus patientia pericu- 
lorum bellique experientia dnrabat exercitum. Eadem 3 
tempestate Calvinus Domitius, cum ex consnlatu obti- 
neret Hispaniam, gravissimi comparandique antiquis 
exempli auctor fuit : qnippe primi pili centurionem 
nomine Vibillium ob turpem ex acie fugam fusti 
percussit. 

Crescente in dies et classe et fama Pompei Caesar 79 
molem belli eius suscipere statuit. Aedificandis navi- 
bus contraliendoque militi ac remigi navalibusque 
adsuescendo certaminibus atque exercitationibns prae- 
fectus est M. Agrippa, virtutis nobilissimae, labore, 
vigilia, periculo invictus parendique^ sed wm, scientis- 
simus, aliis sane imperandi cupidus et per omnia extra 
dilationes positus consultisque facta coniungens. Hie 2 
in Averno ac Lucrino lacu speciosissima classe fabri- 
cata cotidianis exercitationibus militem remigemque 
ad summam et militaris et maritimae rei perduxit 
scientiam. Hac classi Caesar, cum prius despondente 
ei Xerone, cui ante nupta fuerat, Liviam, auspicatis 
rei publicae ominibus duxisset earn uxorem, Pompeio 
Siciliaeque bellum intulit. Sed virum liumana ope 3 



30 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 79, 80. 

invictum graviter eo tempore fortuna concussit : 
quippe longe maiorem partem classis circa Veliam 
Palinurique promontorium adorta vis Africi laceravit 
ac distulit. Ea patrando bello mora fuit, quod postea 
•i dubia et interdum ancipiti fortuna gestum est. Xam 
et classis eodeni loco vexata est tempestate, et ut 
navali primo proelio apud Mylas ductu Agrippae pu- 
gnatum prospere, ita inopinato Pompeianae classis 
adventu gravis sub ipsius Caesaris oculis circa Tauro- 
menium accepta clades ; neque ab ipso periculum 
abfuit. Legiones, quae cum Comificio erant, legato 
Caesaris, expositae in terrain paene a Pompeio oppres- 

5 sae sunt. Sed ancipitis fortuna temporis mature vir- 
tute correcta : explicates quippe utriusque partis classi- 
bus paene omnibus exutus navibus Pompeius Asiam 
fuga petivit iussuque M. Antonii, cuius opem petierat, 
dum inter duceni et supplicem tumultuatur et nunc di- 
gnitatem retinet, nunc vitam precatur, a Titio iugulatus 

6 est : cui in tantum duravit hoc facinore contractum 
odium, ut mox ludos in theatro" Pompei faciens exe- 
cratione populi spectaculo, quod praebebat, pelleretur. 

80 Acciverat gerens contra Pompeium bellum ex Africa 
Caesar Lepidum cum duodecim semiplenis legionibus. 
Hie vir omnium vanissimus neque ulla virtute tarn 
longam fortunae indulgentiam meritus exercitum 

2 Pompei, quia propior fuerat, sequentem non ipsius, sed 
Caesaris auctoritatem ac fidem, sibi iunxerat inflatus- 
f[ue amplius viginti legionum numero in id furoris 
processerat, ut inutilis alienae victoriae comes, quam 
diu moratus erat, dissidendo in consiliis Caesari et 
semper diversa iis, quae aliis placebant, dicendo, 
totam victoriam ut suam interpretaretur auderetque 



Cap. 80, 81.] HISToKIA KOMANA. 31 

denuntiare Caesari, excederet Sicilia. Xon ab Scipio- 3 

nibus aliisque veteribus Romanorum ducum quidquam 
ausum patratumque fortius quam tunc a Caesare. 
Quippe cum inermis et lacernatus esset, praetei 

liomen nihil trahens, ingressus castra Lepidi, evitatis 
tells, quae iussu hominis pravissimi in euni iacta erant, 
cum lacerna eius perforata esset lancea, aquilam legi- 
onis rapere ausus est. Scires, -quid interesset inter 4 
duces : arniati inermem secuti sunt decimoque anno 
quam ad indignissimam vita sua potentiam pervenerat, 
Lepidus et a militibus et a fortuna desertus pulloque 
velatus amiculo inter ultimam confluentium ad Cae- 
sarem turbam latens genibus eius advolutus est. Yita 
rerumque suarum dominium concessa ei sunt, spoliata, 
quam tueri non poterat, dignitas. 

Subita deinde exercitus seditio, qui plerumque con- 81 
tempi atus frequentiam suam a disciplina desciscit et, 
quod cogere se putat posse, rogare non sustinet, par- 
tim severitate, partim liberalitate discussa principis, 2 
speciosumque per idem tempus adiectum supplemen- 
tum Campanae coloniae . . . eius relicti erant publici : 
pro his longe uberiores reditus duodecies sestertium in 
Creta insula redditi et aqua promissa, quae hodieque 
singulare et salubritatis instrumentum et amoenitatis 
ornamentum est. Insigne coronae classicae, quo nemo 3 
umquam Eomanorum donatus erat, hoc bello Agrippa 
singulari virtute meruit. Victor deinde Caesar inver- 
sus in urbem contractas emptionibus complures domos 
per procurators, quo laxior fieret ipsius, publicis se 
usibus destinare profess us est, templumque Apollinis 
et circa porticus facturum promisit, quod ab eo singu- 
lari extructum munificentia est. 



3*2 VELLEI PATERCILI [Cap. 82, 83. 

82 Qua a estate Caesar tarn prospere sepelivit in Sicilia 
bellum, fortuna, in Caesare et in re publica mitis, 
saeviit ad Orientem. Quippe Antonius cum tredecim 
legionibus ingressus Armeniam ac deinde Mediam et 
per eas regiones Parthos petens liabuit regem eorum 

2 obvium : primoque duas legiones cum omnibus impe- 
dimentis tormentisque et Statiano legato amisit, mox 
saepius ipse cum sum mo totius exercitus discrmine 
ea adiit pericula, a quibus servari se posse desperaret, 
amissaque non minus quarta parte militum captivi 
cuiusdam, sed Romani, consilio ac fide servatus, qui 
clade Crassiani exercitus captus, cum fortuna non 
animum mutasset, accessit nocte ad stationem Ro- 
manam praedixitque, ne destinatum iter peterent, sed 

3 diverso silvestrique pervaderent. Hoc M. Antonio ac 
tot illis legionibus saluti fuit : de quibus tamen toto- 
que exercitu haud minus pars quarta, ut praediximus, 
militum, calonum servitiique desiderata tertia est; 
impedimentorum vix ulla superfuit. Hanc tamen 
Antonius fugam suam, quia vivus exierat, victoriam 
vocabat. Qui tertia aestate reversus in Armeniam 
regem eius Artavasden fraude deceptum catenis, sed, 

4 ne quid honori deesset, aureis vinxit. Crescente 
deinde et amoris in Cleopatram incendio et vitiorum, 
quae semper facultatibus licentiaque et adsentationi- 
bus aluntur, magnitudine, bellum patriae infer re con- 
stituit, cum ante novum se Liberum Patrem appellari 
iussisset, cum reclimitus liederis coronaque velatus 
aurea et thyrsum tenens cothurnisque succinctus 
curru velut Liber Pater vectus esset Alexandriae. 

83 Inter hunc apparatum belli Plancus, non iudicio 
recta legendi neque amore rei publicae aut Caesaris, 



Cap. 83, 84.] HISTORIA ROMANA. 33 

quippe haec semper impugnabat, sed morbo proditor, 
cum fuisset humillimus adsentator reginae et infra 
servos cliens, earn Antonii librarius, cum obscenissi- 
marura rermn et auctor et minister, cum in omnia et 2 
omnibus venalis. cum caeruleatus et nudus caputque 
redimitus arundine et caudam trahens, genibus in- 
nixus Glaucum saltasset in convivio, refrigeratus ab 
Antonio ob manifestarum rapinarum indicia transfugit 
ad Caesarem : et idem postea clementiam victoris pro 
sua virtute interpretabatur, dictitans id probatum a 
Caesare, cui ille ignoverat; mox autem hunc avuncu- 
lum Titius imitatus est. Haud absurde Coponius, vir 3 
e praetoriis gravissimus, P. Silii socer, cum recens 
transfuga multa ac nefanda Plancus absenti Antonio 
in senatu obiceret, multa. inquit, mehercules fecit 
Antonius pridie quam tu ilium relinqueres. 

Caesare deinde et Messalla Corvino consulibus de- 84 
bellatum apud Actium. ubi longe ante quam climica- 
retur, exploratissima Iulianarum partium fuit victoria. 
Vigebat in hac parte miles atque imperator, in ilia 
marcebant omnia : hinc remiges firmissimi. illinc ino- 
pia adfectissimi : navium haec magnitudo modica nee 
celeritati adversa, ilia specie terribilior : hinc ad 
Antonium nemo, illinc ad Caesarem cotidie aliquis 
transfugiebat ; rex Anrvntas meliora et utiliora secu- 2 
tus ; nam Dellius exempli sui tenax ut a Dolabella ad 
Cassium, a Cassio ad Antonium. ita ab Antonio transiit 
ad Caesarem ; virque clarissimus Cn. Domitius. qui 
solus Antonianarum partium numquam reginam nisi 
nomine salutavit, maximo et praecipiti periculo trans- 
misit ad Caesarem. Denique in ore atque oculis 
Antonianae classis per M. Agrippam Leucas expugnata, 



34 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 84, 85, S6. 

Patrae captae, Corinthus occupata, bis ante ultimum 
discrimen classis liostium superata. 

85 Advenit deinde maximi discriminis dies, quo Caesar 
Antoniusque productis classibus pro salute alter, in 

2 ruinam alter terrarum orbis dimicavere. Dextrum na- 
vium Iulianarum cornu M. Lurio comruissuni, laevura 
Arruntio, Agrippae omne classici certaminis arbi- 
trium; Caesar ei parti destinatus, in quam a fortuna 
vocaretur, ubique aderat. Classis Antonii regimen 
Publicolae Sosioque commissum. At in terra locatuin 
exercitum Taurus Caesaris, Antonii regebat Canidius. 

3 Ubi initum certanien est, omnia in altera parte fuere, 
dux, remiges, milites, in altera nihil praeter milites. 
Prima occupat fugam Cleopatra: Antonius fugientis 
reginae quam pugnantis militis sui comes esse maluit 
et imperator, qui in desertores saevire debuerat, de- 

4 sertor exercitus sui factus est. Illis etiam detracto 
capite in longum fortissime pugnandi duravit con- 
stantia et desperata victoria in mortem . dimicabatur. 
Caesar, quos ferro poterat interimere, verbis mulcere 
cupiens clamitansque et ostendens fugisse Antonium, 

5 quaerebat, pro quo et cum quo pugnarent. At illi 
cum diu pro absente climicassent duce, aegre summis- 
sis armis cessere victoriam, citiusque vitam veniamque 
Caesar promisit, quam illis ut earn preearentur per- 
suasum est ; fuitque in confesso milites optimi impe- 
ratoris, imperatorem fugacissimi militis functum officio, 

6 ut dubites, suone an Cleopatrae arbitrio victoriam 
temperaturus fuerit, qui ad eius arbitrium direxerit 
fugam. Idem locatus in terra fecit exercitus, cum se 
Canidius praecipiti fuga rapuisset ad Antonium. 

86 Quid ille dies terrarum orbi praestiterit, ex quo in 



Cap. 86, 87.] HISTORIA ROMAN A 35 

quern statum pervenerit fortuna publica, quis in hoc 
transcursu tarn artati operis exprimere audeat ? Vic- 2 
toria vero fuit clementissima, nee quisquam inter- 
emptus est paucissimis exceptis, qui ne deprecari 

quidem pro se sustinerent. Ex qua lenitate ducis 
colligi potuit, quern aut initio triumviratus sui aut in 
campis Philippiis, si ei licuisset, victoriae suae factu- 
rus fuerit moclum. At Sosium L. Arruntii prisca 
gravitate celeberrimi fides, mox, odium dementia 
eluctatus sua, Caesar servavit incolumem. Non prae- 3 
tereatur Asinii Pollionis factum et dictum memorabile : 
namque cum se post Brundusinam pacem continuisset 
in Italia neque aut vidisset umquam reginam aut post 
enervatum amore eius Antonii animum partibus eius se 
miscuisset, rogante Caesare, ut secum ad bellum profi- 
cisceretur Actiacum : mea, inquit, in Anton ium maiora 
rnerita sunt, illius in me beneficia notiora; itaque dis- 
crimini vestro me subtraham et ero praeda victoris. 

Proximo deinde anno persecutus reginam Antoni- 87 
umque Alexandream, ultimam bellis civilibus imposuit 
manum. Antonius se ipse non segniter interemit, 
adeo ut multa desidiae crimina morte redimeret. At 
Cleopatra frustratis custodibus inlata aspide morsu 
eius, sane expers muliebris metus, spiritum reddidit. 
Fuitque et fortuna et dementia Caesaris dignum, 2 
quod nemo ex iis, qui contra eum arma tulerant, ab 
eo iussuve eius interemptus est. D. Brutum Antonii 
interemit crudelitas. Sextum Pompeium ab eo devic- 
tum idem Antonius, cum dignitatis quoque servandae 
dedisset fidem, etiam spiritu privavit. Brutus et 3 
Cassius ante, quam victorum experirentur animum, 
voluntaria morte obierunt. Antonii Cleopatraeque 



36 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 87, 88, 89. 

qnis fuisset exitus narravimus. Canidius timidius 
decessit, quam professioni ei, qua semper usus erat, 
cougruebat. Ultiraus autem ex interfectoribus Cae- 
saris Parmensis Cassius morte poenas dedit, ut 
dederat Trebonius primus. 

88 Dum ultimam bello Aetiaco Alexandrinoque Caesar 
imponit manum, M. Lepidus, iuvenis forma quam 
meute melior, Lepidi eius, qui triumvir fuerat rei 
publicae constituendae, films, Iunia Bruti sorore 
natus, interfieiendi, simul in urbem revertisset, Cae- 

2 saris cousilia iuierat. Erat tunc urbis custodiis prae- 
positus C. Maecenas equestn, sed splendido genere 
natus, vir 5 ubi res vigiliam exigeret, sane exsonmis, 
providens atque agendi sciens, simul vero aliquid ex 
negotio remitti posset, otio ac mollitiis paene ultra 
feminam fluens, non minus Agrippa Caesari carus, sed 
minus lionoratus — quippe vixit augusti clavi t pene 
contentus — , nee minora consequi potuit ; sed non tarn 

3 concupivit. Hic'speculatus est per summam quietem 
ac dissimulationem praecipitis consilia iuvenis et 
mira celeritate uullaque cum perturbation e aut rerum 
aut hominum oppresso Lepido in mane novi ac resur- 
recturi belli civilis restinxit initium ; et ille quidem 
male consultorum poenas exsolvit. Aequetur prae- 
dictae iam Antistii Servilia Lepidi uxor, quae vivo 
igni devorato praematura morte immortalem nominis 
sui pensavit memoriam. 

89 Caesar autem reversus in Italiam atque urbem quo 
occursu, quo favore hominum omnium generum, aeta- 
tium, ordinum exceptus sit, quae magnificentia trium- 
phorum eius, quae f uerit munerum, ne in operis quidem 
iusti materia, nedum huius tarn recisi digne exprimi 



Cap. 89, 90.] IIISTORIA ROMAXA. 37 

potest. iSTihil deinde optare a dis homines, nihil dii 2 
hominibus praestare possunt, nihil voto concipi, nihil 
felicitate consummari. quod non Augustus post redi- 
tum in urbem rei publicae popnloque Romano terra- 

rumque orbi repraesentaverit. Finita vieesimo anno 3 
bella civilia, sepulta externa, revocata pax, sopitus 
ubique armorum furor, restituta vis legibus, iudiciis 
auctoritas, senatui maiestas, imperium magistratuum 
adpristinum redactuni modum; tantummodo octo prae- 
toribus adlecti duo. Prisca ilia et antiqua rei publicae 4= 
forma revocata rediit cultus agris, sacris honos, securi- 
tas hominibus, certa cuique rerum suaruni possessio ; 
leges emendatae utiliter, latae salubriter ; senatus sine 
asperitate nee sine severitate lectus. Principes viri 
triumphisque et amplissimis honoribus functi adhor- 
tatu principis ad ornandam urbem inlecti sunt. Con- 5 
sulatus tantummodo usque ad undecimum quin con- 
tinuaret Caesar, cum saepe obnitens repugnasset, 
impetrare non potuit : nam dictaturam quam perti- 
naciter ei deferebat populus, tarn constanter reppulit. 
Bella sub imperatore gesta pacatusque victoriis 6 
terrarum orbis et tot extra Italiam domique opera 
omne aevi sui spatium impensurum in id solum opus 
scriptorem fatigarent : nos memores professionis uni- 
versam imaginem principatus eius oculis animisque 
subiecimus. 

Sepultis, ut praediximus, bellis civilibus coalescen-90 
tibusque rei publicae membris, etiam coaluere quae 
tarn longa armorum series laceraverat. Delmatia, 
annos viginti et ducentos rebellis, ad certain confes- 
sionem pacata est imperii. Alpes feris incultisque 
nationibus celebres perdomitae. Hispaniae nunc 



38 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. £)0, 91. 

ipsius praesentia, nunc Agrippae, quern usque in 
terbium consulatum et mox collegium tribuniciae 
potestatis amicitia principis evexerat, multo vario- 

2 que Marte pacatae. In quas provincias cum initio 
Scipione et Sempronio Longo consulibus primo anno 
secundi belli Punici abhinc annos quinquaginta et 
ducentos Eomani exercitus missi essent duce Cn. 
Scipione, Africani patruo, per annos ducentoe- in iis 
multo mutuoque ita certatum est sanguine, ut amissis 
populi* Eomani imperatoribus exercitibusque saepe 
contumelia, nonnumquam etiam periculum Eomano 

3 inferretur imperio. Illae enim provinciae Scipiones 
consumpserunt; illae contumelioso decern annorum 
bello sub duce Viriatho maiores nostros exercuerunt ; 
illae terrore Nuinantini belli populum Eomanum con- 
cusserunt ; in illis turpe Q. Pompei foedus turpiusque 
Mancini senatus cum ignominia dediti imperatoris 
rescidit ; ilia tot consulares, tot praetorios absumpsit 
duces, patrumque aetate in tantum Sertorium armis 
extulit, ut per quinquennium diiudicari non potuerit, 
Hispanis Eomanisne in armis plus esset roboris et 

4 uter populus alteri pariturus foret. Has igitur pro- 
vincias tarn diffusas, tarn frequentis, tarn feras ad earn 
pacem abhinc annos ferme quinquaginta perduxit Cae- 
sar Augustus, ut quae maximis bellis numquam vaca- 
verant, eae sub C. Antistio ac deinde P. Silio legato 
ceterisque postea etiam latrociniis vacarent. 

91 Dum pac-atur Occidens, ab Oriente ac rege Partho- 
rum signa Eomana, quae Crasso oppresso Orodes, quae 
Antonio pulso filius eius Phraates ceperant, Augusto 
remissa sunt. Quod cognomen illi iure Planci sen- 
tentia consensus universi senatus populique Eomani 



Cap. 91, 92.] BISTORIA ROMANA. 39 

indidit. Erant tamen qui linnc felicissimum statum 2 
odissent : quippe L. Murena et Fannius Caepio diver- 
sis moribus (nam .Murena sine hoc facinore potuit 
videri bonus, Caepio et ante hoc erat pessimus) cum 
iniissent occidendi Caesaris consilia, oppressi auctori- 
tate publica, quod vi facere voluerant, iure passi sunt. 
Xeque multo post Rufus Egiiatius, per omnia gladia- 3 
tori quani senatori propior, collecto in aedilitate 
favore populi, quern extinguendis privata familia in- 
cendiis in dies auxerat, in taiitum quidem, ut ei prae- 
turam continuaret, mox etiam consulatum petere ausus, 
cum esset omni flagitiorum scelerumque conscientia 
mersus nee melior illi res familiaris quam mens foret, 
adgregatis simillimis sibi interimere Caesarem statuit, 
ut quo salvo salvus esse non poterat, eo sublato more- 
retur. Quippe ita se mores habent. ut publica quisque 4 
ruina malit occidere quam sua proteri et idem passu- 
rus minus conspici. Xeque hie prioribus in occul- 
tando felicior fuit, abditusque carceri cum consciis 
facinoris mortem dignissimam vita sua obiit. 

Praeclarum excellentis viri factum C. Sentii Satur- 92 
nini circa ea tempora consulis ne fraudetur memoria. 
Aberat [in] ordinandis Asiae Orientisque rebus Cae- 2 
sar, circumferens terrarum orbi praesentia [sua] pacis 
suae bona. Turn Sentius, forte et solus et absente 
Caesare consul, cum alia prisca severitate summaque 
constantia. [vetere consilium more ac severitate], ges- 
sisset, protraxisset publicanorum fraudes, punisset 
avaritiam, regessisset in aerarium pecunias publicas. 
turn in comitiis habendis praecipuum egit consulem : 
nam et quaesturam petentes, quos indignos iudicavit, 3 
profiteri vetuit, et, cum id facturos se perseverarent, 



40 VKLLEl PATERCULI [Cap. 92, 93, 94. 

consul are m, si in campum descendissent, vindictam 
•4 minatus est, et Egnatium florentem favore publico 
sperantenique ut praeturam aedilitati, ita consulatum 
praeturae se iuncturum, profiteri vetuit, et cum id 
noii obtinuisset, iuravit, etiam si factus esset consul 
suffragiis populi, tainen se eum non renuntiaturum. 
5 Quod ego factum cuilibet veterum consulum gloriae 
comparandum reor, nisi quod naturaliter audita visis 
laudamus libentius et praesentia invidia, praeterita 
veneratione prosequimur et his nos obrui, illis instrui 
credimus. 

93 Ante triennium fere, quam Egnatianum scelus 
erumperet, circa Murenae Caepionisque coniurationis 
ternpus, abhinc annos quinquaginta, M. Marcellus, 
sororis Augusti Octaviae filius, quern homines ita, si 
quid accidisset Caesari, successorem potentiae eius 
arbitrabantur futurum, ut tamen id per M. Agrippam 
securo ei posse contingere non existimarent, magni- 
ficentissimo munere aedilitatis edito decessit admo- 
dum iuvenis, sane, ut aiunt, ingenuarum virtutum 
laetusque animi et ingenii fortimaeque, in quam ale- 

2 batur, capax. Post cuius obitum Agrippa, qui sub 
specie ministeriorum principalium profectus in Asiam, 
ut fama loquitur, ob tacitas cum Marcello offensiones 
praesenti se subduxerat tempori, reversus inde filiain 
Caesaris Iuliam, quam in matrimonio Marcellus habu- 
erat, duxit uxorem, feminam neque sibi neque rei 
publicae felicis uteri. 

94 Hoc tractu temporum Ti. Claudius Nero, quo trimo, 
ut praediximus, Livia, Drusi Claudiani filia, despon- 
dente Ti. ISTerone, cui ante nupta fuerat, Caesari nupse- 

2 rat, innutritus caelestium praeceptorum disciplinis, 



Cap. 94, 1)5.] HISTORIC ROMANA. 41 

iuvenis genere, forma, celsitudine corporis, optimis 
studtis maximoque ingenio instructissimus, qui proti- 
nus, quantus est, sperari potuerat visuque praetulerat 
principem, quaestor undevicesimum annum agens 3 
capessere coephVrem publicam maximamque difficulta- 
tem annonae ac rei frumentariae inopiam ita Ostiae 
atque in urbe mandatu vitrici moderatus est, ut per id, 
quod agebat, quantus evasurus esset, eluceret. Nee 4 
multo post missus ab eodem vitrico cum exercitu ad 
visendas ordinandasque, quae sub Oriente sunt, pro- 
vincias, praecipuis omnium virtutum experiments in 
eo tractu editis, cum legionibus ingressus Armeniam, 
redacta ea in potestatem populi Eomani regnum eius 
Artavasdi dedit. Quin rex quoque Partliorum tanti 
nominis fama territus liberos suos ad Caesarem misit 
obsides. 

Eeversum inde Neronem Caesar haud mediocris 95 
belli mole experiri statuit, adiutore operis dato fratre 
ipsius Druso Claudio, quern intra Caesaris penates 
enixa erat Li via. Quippe uterque e diversis partibus 2 
Eaetos Vindelicosque adgressi, multis urbium et ca- 
stellorum oppugnationibus nee non derecta quoque 
acie feliciter functi gentes locis tutissimas, aditu diffi- 
cillimas, numero frequentes, feritate truces maiore 
cum periculo quam damno Eomani exercitus, plurimo 
cum earum sanguine perdomuerunt. Ante quae tern- 3 
pora censura Planci et Pauli acta inter discordiam 
neque ipsis honori neque rei publicae usui fuerat, cum 
alteri vis censoria, alteri vita deesset, Paulus vix 
posset implere censorem, Plancus timere deberet, nee 
quidquam obiicere posset adulescentibus aut obiici- 
entes audire, quod non agnosceret senex. 



4:2 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 96, 97. 

96 Mors deinde Agrippae, qui novitatem suam multis 
rebus nobilitaverat atque in hoc perduxerat, ut et 
Neronis esset socer, cuiusque liberos nepotes suos 
divus Augustus praepositis Gai ac Lucii nominibus 
adoptaverat, admovit propius Neronem Caesari : quippe 
filia Iulia eius, quae fuerat Agrippae nupta, Neroni 

2 uupsit. Subinde bellum Pannonicum, quod inchoa- 
tum ab Agrippa Marcoque Vinicio, avo tuo, consular! 
magnum atroxque et perquam vicinum imminebat 

3 Italiae, per Neronem gestum est. Gentes Pannonio- 
rum Delmatarumque nationes situmque regionuin ac 
fluminum numerumque et niodum virium excelsissi- 
masque et multiplices eo bello victorias tanti impera- 
toris alio loco explicabimus : hoc opus servet formam 
suam. Huius victoriae compos Nero ovans trium- 
phavit. 

97 Sed dum in hac parte imperii omnia geruntur prosper- 
rime, accept a in Germania clades sub legato M. Lollio, 
homine in omnia pecuniae quam recte faciendi cupi- 
diore et inter summam vitiorum dissimulationem vitio- 
sissimOj amissaque legionis quintae aquila vocavit ab 

2 urbe in Gallias Caesarem. Cura deinde atque onus 
Germanici belli delegata Druso Claudio, fratri Nero- 
nis, adulescenti tot tantarumque virtutum, quot et 
quantas natura mortalis recipit vel industria perncit. 
Cuius ingenium utrum bellicis magis operibus an 

3 civilibus suffecerit artibus, in incerto est : morum 
certe dulcedo ac suavitas et adversus amicos aequa ac 
par sui aestimatio inimitabilis fuisse dicitur; nam 
pulchritudo corporis proxima fraternae fuit. Sed 
ilium magna ex parte domitorem Germauiae, plurimo 
eius gentis variis in locis profuso sanguine, fatorum 



Cap. 97, 98, 99.] HISTORIA ROMAXA. 43 

iniquitas consulern, agentem annum tricesinium, ra- 
puit. Moles deinde eius belli translata in Neronem 4 
est : quod is sua et virtute et fortuna administravit 
peragratusque victor omnis partis Germaniae sine ullo 
detrimento commissi exercitus, quod praecipue huic 
duci semper curae fuit, sic perdomuit earn, ut in for- 
mam paene stipendiariae redigeret provinciae. Turn 
alter triumphus cum altero consulatu ei oblatus est. 

Dum ea, quae praediximus, in Pannonia Germania- 98 
que geruntur, atrox in Thracia bellum ortum, omnibus 
eius gentis nationibus in arma accensis, L. Pisonis, 
quern hodieque diligentissimum atque eundem lenissi- 
mum securitatis urbanae custodem habemus, virtus 
compressit, (quippe legatus Caesaris triennio cum iis 2 
bellavit gentesque ferocissimas plurimo cum earum 
excidio nunc acie, nunc expugnationibus in pristinum 
pacis redegit modum) eiusque patratione Asiae securi- 
tatem, Macedoniae pacem reddidit. De quo viro hoc 3 
omnibus sentiendum ac praedicandum est, esse mores 
eius vigore ac lenitate mixtissimos et vix quemquam 
reperiri posse, qui aut otium validius diligat aut faci- 
lius sufficiat negotio et magis quae agenda sunt curet 
sine ulla ostentatione agendi. 

Brevi interiecto spatio Ti. Nero duobus consulatibus 99 
totidemque triumphis actis tribuniciae potestatis con- 
sortione aequatus Augusto, civium post unum, et hoc, 
quia volebat, eminentissimus, ducum maximus, fama 
fortunaque celeberrimus et vere alterum rei publicae 
lumen et caput, mira quadam et incredibili atque in- 2 
enarrabili pietate, cuius causae mox detectae sunt, 
cum Gains Caesar sumpsisset iam virilem togam, 
Lucius item maturus esset viribus, ne fulgor suus 



44 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 99, 100. 

orientium iuvenum obstaret initiis, dissiniulata causa 
consilii sui, commeatum ab socero atque eodem 
vitrico adquiescendi a continuatione laborum petiit. 

3 Quis fuerit eo tempore civitatis habitus, qui singulo- 
rum animi, quae digredieutium a tauto viro omnium 
lacriniae, quam paene ei patria manum iniecerit, iusto 

4 servemus operi : illud etiam in hoc transcursu dicen- 
duni est, ita septem annos Ehodi moratuni, ut omnes, 
qui pro consulibus legatique in transmarinas sunt 
profecti provincias, visendi eius gratia Bhodum de- 
verterint atque eum convenientes semper privato, 
si ilia maiestas privata umquam fuit, fasces suos 
summiserint fassique sint otium eius honoratius 
imperio suo. 

100 Sensit terrarum orbis digressum a custodia Nero- 
nem urbis : nam et Parthus desciscens a societate 
Romana adiecit Armeniae manum et Germania aver- 

2 sis domitoris sui oculis rebellavit. At in urbe eo 
ipso anno, quo magnificentissimis gladiatorii muneris 
naumachiaeque spectaculis divus Augustus abhinc an- 
nos triginta se et G-allo Caninio consulibus, dedicato 
Martis templo animos oculosque populi Eomani re- 
pleverat, foeda dictu memoriaque horrenda in ipsius 

3 domo tempestas erupit. Quippe filia eius Iulia, per 
omnia tanti parentis ac viri immemor, nihil, quod 
facere aut pati turpiter posset femina, luxuria libidi- 
neve infectum reliquit magnitudinemque fortunae 
suae peccandi licentia metiebatur, quidquid liberet 

4 pro licito vindicans. Turn lulus Antonius, singulare 
exemplum clementiae Caesaris, violator eius domus, 
ipse sceleris a se commissi ultor fuit (quern victo eius 
patre non tantum incolumitate donaverat, sed sacer- 



Cap. 100, 101, 102.] HISTORIA ROMANA. 45 

dotio, praetura, consulatu, provinciis honoratum, etiam 
matrimonio sororis suae filiae in artissimam adfinita- 
tem receperat), Quintiusque Crispinus, singularem 5 
nequitiam supercilio truci protegens, et Appius Clau- 
dius et Seinpronius Gracchus ac Scipio aliique minoris 
nominis utriusque ordinis viri, quasi cuiuslibet uxore 
violata, poenas pependere, cum Caesaris filiam et Xero- 
nis violassent cdniugem. Iulia relegata in insularn 
patriaeque et parentum subducta oculis, quam tameri 
comitata mater Scribonia voluntaria exilii permansit 
comes. 

Breve ab hoc intercesserat spatium, cum C. Caesar 101 
ante aliis provinciis ad visendum obitis in Syriam 
missus, convento prius Ti. Xerone, cui omnem hono- 
rem ut superiori habuit, tarn varie se ibi gessit, ut 
nee laudaturum magna nee vituperaturum mediocris 
materia deficiat. Cum rege Parthoruni, iuvene excel- 
sissimo, in insula, quam amnis Euphrates ainbiebat, 
aequato utriusque partis numero coiit. Quod specta- 2 
culum stantis ex diverso hinc Romani, illinc Partho- 
rum exercitus, cum duo inter se eminentissima imperi- 
orum et hominum coirent capita, perquam clarum et 
memorabile sub initia stipendiorum meorum tribuno 
militum mihi visere contigit : quern militiae gradum 3 
ante sub patre tuo, M. Vinici, et P. Silio auspicatus 
in Thracia Macedoniaque, mox Achaia Asiaque et 
omnibus ad Orientem visis provinciis et ore atque 
utroque maris Pontici latere, haud iniucunda tot 
rerum, locorum, gentium, urbium recordatione perf ruor. 
Prior Parthus apud Gaium in nostra ripa, posterior 
hie apud regem in hostili epulatus est. 

Quo tempore M. Lollii, quern veluti moderatorem 102 



46 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 102, 103. 

iuventae filii sui Augustus esse voluerat, perfida et 
plena subdoli ac versuti animi consilia, per Parthum 
indicata Caesari, fama vulgavit : cuius mors intra 
paucos dies secuta fortuita an voluntaria fuerit ignore-. 
Sed quam hunc decessisse laetati homines, tarn paulo 
post obiisse Censorinum in iisdem provinciis graviter 
tulit ci vitas, virum demerendis hominibus genitum. 

2 Armeniam deinde Gains ingressus prima parte introi- 
tus prospere rem gessit; mox in conloquio, cui se 
temere crediderat, circa Artageram graviter a quodam, 
nomine Adduo, vulneratus, ex eo ut corpus minus 
habile, ita animum minus utilem rei publicae habere 

3 coepit. Nee defuit conversatio hominum vitia eius 
adsentatione alentium (etenim semper magnae for- 
tunae comes adest adulatio), per quae eo ductus erat, 
ut in ultimo ac remotissimo terrarum orbis angulo 
consenescere quam Romam regredi mallet. Deinde 
reluctatus invitusque revertens in Italiam in urbe 
Lyciae (Limyra nominant) morbo obiit, cum ante 
annum ferme Lucius Caesar f rater eius Hispanias 
petens Massiliae decessisset. 

103 Sed fortuna, quae subduxerat spem magni nominis, 
iam turn rei publicae sua praesidia reddiderat : quippe 
ante utriusque horum obitum patre tuo P. Yinicio 
consule Ti. Nero reversus Bhodo incredibili laetitia 

2 patriam repleverat. Non est diu cunctatus Caesar 
Augustus ; neque enim quaerendus erat quern legeret, 

3 sed legendus qui eminebat. Itaque quod post Lucii 
mortem adhuc Gaio vivo facere voluerat atque vehe- 
menter repugnante Nerone erat inhibitus, post utrius- 
que adulescentium obitum facere perseveravit, ut et 
tribuniciae potestatis consortionem Neroni constitue- 



Cap. 103, 104.] HISTORIA ROMAXA. 47 

ret, multum quidem eo cum domi turn in senatu recu- 
sante, et eura Aelio Cato C. Sentio consulibus V. Kal. 
Iulias, post urbem conditam annis septingentis quin- 
quaginta quattuor, abhinc annos septem et viginti 
adoptaret. Laetitiam illius diei concursumque civita- 4 
tis et vota paene inserentium caelo manus spemque 
conceptam perpetuae securitatis aeternitatisque Eo- 
niani imperii vix in illo iusto opere abunde persequi 
poterimus, nedum hie implere temptemus, contenti id 5 
unum dixisse quam ille omnibus faustus fuerit. Turn 
refulsit certa spes liberorum parentibus, viris matri- 
monioruni, dominis patrimonii, omnibus hominibus 
salutis, quietis, pacis, tranquillitatis, adeo ut nee plus 
sperari potuerit nee spei responderi felicius. 

Adoptatus eadern die etiam M. Agrippa, quern post 104 
mortem Agrippae Iulia enixa erat, sed in jSTeronis 
adoptione illud adiectum his ipsis Caesaris verbis : 
hoc, inquit, rei publicae causa facio. Non diu vindi- 2 
cem custodemque imperii sui morata in urbe patria 
protinus in Germaniam misit, ubi ante triennium sub 
M. Vinicio, avo tuo, clarissimo viro, immensum exar- 
serat bellum. Erat id ab eo quibusdam in locis ge- 
stum, quibusdam sustentatum feliciter eoque nomine 
decreta ei cum speciosissima inscriptione operum orna- 
menta triumphalia. Hoc tempus me, functum ante 3 
tribunatu, castrorum Ti. Caesaris militem fecit : 
quippe protinus ab adoptione missus cum eo prae- 
fectus equitum in Germaniam, successor officii patris 
mei, caelestissimorum eius operum per annos con- 
tinuos novem praefectus aut legatus spectator et pro 
captu mediocritatis meae adiutor fui. iSTeque illi 
spectaculo, quo fructus sum, simile condicio mortalis 



48 VELLEI PATEftCULl [Cap. 104, 105. 

recipere videtur mihi, cum per celeberrimam Italiae 
partem tractumque omnem Galliae provinciarum vete- 
rem imperatorem et ante meritis ac virtutibus quam 
nomine Caesarem revisentes sibi quisque quam illi 
4 gratularentur plenius. At vero militum conspectu 
eius elicitae gaudio lacrimae alacritasque et saluta- 
tionis nova quaedam exultatio et contingendi manum 
cupiditas non continentium, protinus quin adiicerent, 
i videmus te, imperator ? salvum recepimus ? ' ac 
deinde 'ego tecum, imperator, in Armenia, ego in 
Raetia fui, ego a te in Vindelicis, ego in Pannonia, 
ego in Germania donatus sum ? neque verbis exprimi 
et fortasse vix mereri fidem potest. 
105 Intrata protinus Germania, subacti Canninefates, 
Attuarii, Bructeri, recepti Cherusci (gentis eius Ar- 
minius mox nostra clade nobilis), transitus Visurgis, 
penetrata ulteriora, cum omnem partem asperrimi et 
periculosissimi belli Caesar vindicaret sibi, iis, quae 
minoris erant discriminis, Sentium Saturninum, qui 

2 iam legatus patris eius in Germania fuerat, praefe- 
cisset, virum multiplicem virtutibus, gnavum, agilem, 
providum militariumque officiorum patientem ac peri- 
tum pariter, sed eundem, ubi negotia fecissent locum 
otio, liberaliter lauteque eo abutentem, ita tamen, ut 
eum splendidum atque hilarem potius quam luxurio- 
sum ac desidem diceres : de cuius viri claro ingenio 

3 celebrique consulatu praediximus. Anni eius aestiva 
usque in mensem Decembrem producta inmanis emo- 
lumentum fecere victoriae. Pietas sua Caesarem 
paene obstructis hieme Alpibus in urbem traxit, at 
tutela imperii eum veris initio reduxit in Germaniam, 
in cuius mediis fmibus ad caput Lupiae fluminis 
hiberna digrediens princeps locaverat. 



Cap. 100, 107.] HISTORIA ROMANA. 49 

Pro dii boni, quant i voluminis opera insequenti 106 
aestate sub duce Tiberio Caesare gessimus ! Perlu- 
strata armis tota Germania est, victae gentes paene 
nominibus incognitae, receptae Cauchorum nationes : 
omnis eorum iuventus infinita numero, immensa cor- 
poribus, situ locorum tutissima traditis arm is una cum 
ducibus suis saepta fulgenti armatoque militum no- 
strorum agmine ante imperatoris procubuit tribunal. 
Fracti Langobardi, gens etiam Germana feritate fero- 2 
cior; denique quod numquam antea spe conceptum, 
nedum opere temptatum erat, ad quadringentesimum 
miliarium a Rheno usque ad flumen Albim, qui Semno- 
num Hermundurorumque fines praeterfluit, Eomanus 
cum signis perductus exercitus. Et eodem mira feli- 3 
citate et cura ducis, temporum quoque observantia 
classis, quae Oceani circumnavigaverat sinus, ab inau- 
dito atque incognito ante mari flumine Albi subvecta, 
plurimarum gentium victoria parta cum abundantis- 
sima rerum omnium copia exercitui Caesarique se 
iunxit. 

Non tempero mihi quin tantae rerum magnitudini 107 
hoc, qualecumque est, inseram. Cum citeriorem ripam 
praedicti fluminis castris occupassemus et ulterior 
armata hostium iuventute fulgeret, sub omnem motum 
conatumque nostrarum navium protinus refugientium, 
unus e barbaris aetate senior, corpore excellens, digni- 
tate, quantum ostendebat cultus, eminens, cavatum, ut 
illis mos est, ex materia conscendit alveum solusque 
id navigii genus temperans ad medium processit flu- 
minis et petiit, liceret sibi sine periculo in earn, quam 
armis tenebamus, egredi ripam ac videre Caesarem. 2 
Data petenti facultas. Turn adpulso lintre et diu taci- 



50 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 107, 108, 100. 

tus contemplatus Caesarem, nostra quidem, inquit, 
furit iuventus, quae cum vestrum numen absentium 
colat, praesentium potius arma metuit quarn sequitur 
fideui. Sed ego benefieio ac permissu tuo, Caesar, 
quos ante audiebam, hodie vidi deos, nee feliciorem 
ullum vitae meae aut optavi aut sensi diem. Impetra- 
toque ut manum contingeret, reversus in naviculam, 
sine fine respectans Caesarem ripae suorum adpulsus 
3 est. Victor omnium gentium locorumque, quos adie- 
rat Caesar, [cum] incolumi inviolatoque et semel 
tantummodo magna cum clade hostium fraude eorum 
temptato exercitu in hiberna legiones reduxit, eadem 
qua priore anno festinatione urbem petens. 

108 Nihil erat iam in Gerrnania, quod vinci posset, 
praeter gentem Marcomannorum, quae Maroboduo 
duce excita sedibus suis atque in interiora refugiens 

2 incinctos Hercynia silva campos incolebat. Nulla 
festinatio huius viri mentionem transgredi debet. 
Maroboduus, genere nobilis, corpore praevalens, ani- 
mo ferox, natione magis quam ratione barbarus, non 
tumultuarium neque fortuitum -neque mobilem et ex 
voluntate parentium constantem inter suos occupavit 
principatum, sed certum imperium vim que regiam 
complexus animo statuit avocata procul a Eomanis 
gente sua eo progredi, ubi cum propter potentiora 
arma refugisset, sua faceret potentissima. Occupatis 
igitur, quos praediximus, locis finitimos omnis aut 
bello domuit aut condicionibus iuris sui fecit. 

109 Corpus suum custodientium imperium, perpetuis 
exercitiis paene ad Romanae disciplinae formam re- 
dactum, brevi in eminens et nostro quoque imperio ti- 
mendum perduxit fastigium gerebatque se ita adversus 



Cap. 109; 110.] HISTORIA ROMANA. 51 

Romanos, ut neque bello nos lacesseret, et si lacessere- 
tur, superesse sibi vim ac voluntatem resistendi osten- 2 
deret. Legati, quos mittebat ad Caesares, interdum ut 
supplicem commendabant, interdum ut pro pari loque- 
bantur. Gentibus hominibusque a nobis desciscentibus 
erat apud eum perfugium, in totumque ex male dis- 
simulato agebat aemulum ; exercitumque, quern sep- 
tuaginta milium pediturn, quattuor equitum fecerat, 
adsiduis adversus finitimos bellis exercendo maiori 
quam, quod habebat, operi praeparabat: eratque 3 
etiam eo timendus, quod cum Germaniam ad laevam 
et in fronte, Pannoniam ad dextram, a tergo sedium 
suarum haberet Noricos, tamquam in omnes semper 
venturus ab omnibus timebatur. Nee securam incre- 4 
menti sui patiebatur esse Italiam, quippe cum a sum- 
mis Alpium iugis, quae finem Italiae terminant, initium 
eius finium haud multo plus ducentis milibus passuum 
abesset. Hunc virum et hanc regionem proximo anno 5 
diversis e partibus Ti. Caesar adgredi statuit. Sentio 
Saturnino mandatum, ut per Cattos excisis continenti- 
bus Hercyniae silvis legiones Boiohaemum (id regioni, 
quam incolebat Maroboduus, nomen est), ipse a Car- 
nunto, qui locus Norici regni proximus ab hac parte 
erat, exercitum, qui in Illyrico merebat, ducere in 
Marcomannos orsus est. 

Rumpit interdum, interdum moratur proposita homi- 110 
num fortuna. Praeparaverat iam hiberna Caesar ad 
Danuvium admotoque exercitu non plus quam quinque 
dierum iter a primis hostium aberat, legionesque quas 2 
Saturninum aclmovere placuerat, paene aequali divisae 
intervallo ab hoste intra paucos dies in praedicto loco 
cum Caesare se iuncturae erant, cum universa Panno- 



52 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 110, 111. 

nia, insolens longae pacis bonis et adulta viribus, Del- 
matia omnibusque tractus eius gentibus in societatem 

3 adductis consilii, arma corripuit. Turn necessaria 
gloriosis praeposita neque tutum visum abdito in 
interiora exercitu vaeuam tam vicino hosti relinquere 
Italiam. Gentium nationumque, quae rebellaverant, 
omnis numerus amplius octingentis milibus explebat ; 
ducenta fere peditum colligebantur armis habilia, 

4 equitum novem. Cuius immensae multitudinis, pa- 
rentis acerrimis ac peritissimis ducibus, pars petere 
Italiam decreverat iunctam sibi ISTauporti ac Tergestis 
confinio, pars in Macedonian! se effuderat, pars suis 
sedibus praesidium esse destinaverat. Maxima Batoni 

5 ac Pinneti ducibus auctoritas erat. [In] omnibus autem 
Pannoniis non disciplinae tantummodo, sed linguae 
quoque notitia Eomanae, plerisque etiam litterarum 
usus et familiaris armorum erat exercitatio : itaque 
hercules nulla umquam natio tam mature consilio 

6 belli bellum iunxit ac decreta patravit. Oppressi 
cives Komani, trucidati negotiatores, magnus vexilla- 
riorum numerus ad internecionem ea in regione, quae 
plurimum ab imperatore aberat, caesus, occupata 
armis Macedonia, omnia et in omnibus locis igni 
ferroque vastata. Quin etiam tantus huius belli 
metus fuit, ut stabilem ilium et firmatum tantorum 
bellorum experientia Caesaris Augusti animum quate- 
ret atque terreret. 

Ill Habiti itaque dilectus, revocati undique et omnes 
veterani, viri feminaeque ex censu libertinum coactae 
dare militem. Audita in senatu vox principis, de- 
cimo die, ni caveretur, posse hostem in urbis Homae 
venire conspectum. Senatorum equitumque Romano- 



Cap. Ill, 112.] HISTORIA ROMANA. 53 

rum exactae ad id bellum operae : prompte pollicitati. 
Omnia haec frustra praeparassemus, nisi qui ilia rege- 2 
ret fuisset. Itaque ut praesidium ultimum res publica 
ab Augusto ducem in bellum poposcit Tiberium. 
Habuit in hoc quoque bello mediocritas nostra speciosi 3 
ministerii locum. Finita equestri militia designatus 
quaestor necdum senator aequatus senatoribus, etiam 
designatis tribunis plebei, partem exercitus ab urbe 
traditi ab Augusto perduxi ad filium eius. In quae- 4 
stura deinde remissa sorte provinciae legatus eiusdem 
ad eundem missus sum. Quas nos primo anno acies 
hostium vidimus ! quantis prudentia ducis opportuni- 
tatibus fruentes eorum vires universas elusimus, fudi- 
mus partibus ! quanto cum temperamento simul civili- 
tatis res auctoritate imperatoria agi vidimus ! qua pru- 
dentia hiberna disposita sunt ! quanto opere inclusus 
custodiis exercitus nostri, ne qua posset erumpere 
inopsque copiarum et intra se furens viribus hostis 
elanguesceret ! 

Felix eventu, forte conatu prima aestate belli Messa- 112 
lini opus mandandum est memoriae. Qui vir animo 2 
etiam quam gente nobilior dignissimusque, qui et 
patrem Corvinum habuisset et cognomen suum Cottae 
fratri relinqueret, praepositus Illyrico subita rebellione 
cum semiplena legione vicesima circumdatus hostili 
exercitu amplius viginti milia [hostium] fudit fuga- 
vitque et ob id ornamentis triumphalibus honoratus 
est. Ita placebat barbaris numerus suus, ita fiducia 3 
virium, ut ubicumque Caesar esSet, nihil in se repone- 
rent. Pars exercitus eorum, proposita ipsi duci et ad 
arbitrium utilitatemque nostram macerata perductaque 
ad exitiabilem famem, neque instantes sustinere neque 



54 VELLEI PATERCULX [Cap. 112, 113. 

cum facientibus copiam pugnandi derigentibusque 
aciem ausa congredi occupato monte Claudio muniti- 

4 one se defendit. At ea pars, quae obviam se effuderat 
exercitui, quern A. Caecina et Silvanus Plautius con- 
sulares ex transmarinis adducebant provinciis, circum- 
fusa quinque legionibus nostris auxiliaribusque et equi- 
tatui regio (quippe magnam Thracum manum iunctus 
praedictis ducibus Khoemetalces, Thraciae rex, in 
adiutorium eius belli secum trahebat) paene exitiabi- 

5 lem omnibus cladem intulit : f ugata regiorum eque- 
stris acies, f ugatae alae, conversae cohortes sunt, apud 
signa quoque legionum trepidatum. Sed Romani 
virtus militis plus eo tempore vindicavit gloriae quam 
ducibus reliquit, qui multum a more imperatoris sui 
discrepantes ante in hostem inciderunt, quam per ex- 

6 ploratores, ubi hostis esset, cognoscerent. lam igitur 
in dubiis rebus semet ipsae legiones adhortatae, iugu- 
latis ab hoste quibusdam tribunis militum, interempto 
praefecto castrorum praefectisque cohortiuni, non in- 
cruentis centurionibus, e quibus etiam primi ordines 
cecidere, invasere hostes nee sustinuisse contenti per- 
rupta eorum acie ex insperato victoriam vindicave- 

7 runt. Hoc fere tempore Agrippa, qui eodem die quo 
Tiberius adoptatus ab avo suo naturali erat et iam 
ante biennium, qualis esset, apparere coeperat, mira 
pravitate animi atque ingenii in praecipitia conversus 
patris atque eiusdem avi sui animum alienavit sibi, 
moxque crescentibus in dies vitiis dignum furore suo 
habuit exitum. 

113 Accipe nunc, M. Vinici, tantum in bello ducem, 
quantum in pace vides principem. Iunctis exerciti- 
bus, quique sub Caesare fuerant quique ad eum vene- 



Cap. 113, 114.] HISTORIA ROMANA. 55 

rant, contractisque in una castra decern legionibus, 
septuaginta amplius cohortibus, decern alis et pluri- 
bus quam decern veteranorum milibus, ad hoc magno 
voluntariorum numero frequentique equite regio, tanto 
denique exercitu, quantus nullo umquam loco post bella 
fuerat civilia, omnes eo ipso laeti erant maximamque 
fiduciam victoriae in numero reponebant. At impera- 2 
tor, optimus eorum quae agebat iudex et utilia specio- 
sis praeferens quodque semper eum facientem vidi in 
omnibus bellis, quae probanda essent, non quae utique 
probarentur sequens, paucis diebus exercitum, qui 
venerat, ad refovendas ex itinere eius vires moratus, 
cum eum maiorem, quam ut temperari posset, neque 
habilem gubernaculo cerneret, dimittere statuit ; pro- 
secutusque longo et perquam laborioso itinere, cuius 3 
difficultas narrari vix potest, ut neque universos quis- 
quam auderet adgredi et partem digredientium, suorum 
quisque metu finium, universi temptare non possent, 
remisit eo, unde venerant, et ipse asperrimae hiemis 
initio regressus Sisciam legatos, inter quos ipsi fui- 
mus, partitis praefecit hibernis. 

rem dictu non eminentem, sed solida veraque 114 
virtute atque utilitate maximam, experientia suavissi- 
mam, humanitate singularem ! Per omne belli Ger- 
manici Pannonicique tempus nemo e nobis gradumve 
nostrum aut praecedentibus aut sequentibus imbecillus 
fuit, cuius salus ac valetudo non ita sustentaretur 
Caesaris cura, tamquam distractissimus ille tantorum 
onerum mole huic uni negotio vacaret animus. Erat 2 
desiderantibus paratum iunctum vehiculum, lectica eius 
publicata, cuius usum cum alii turn ego sensi : iam 
medici, iam apparatus cibi, iam in hoc solum una por- 



56 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 114, 115. 

tatum instrumentum balinei nullius non succurrit vale- 
tudiui : domus tantum ac domestici deerant, ceterum 
nihil, quod ab illis ant praestari ant desiderari posset. 

3 Adiciam illud, quod, quisqnis illis temporibns inter- 
fuit, nt alia, quae retuli, agnoscet protinus : solus 
semper equo vectus est, solus cum iis, quos invita- 
verat, inaiore parte aestivarum expeditionum cenavit 
sedens : non sequentibus disciplinam, quatenus exem- 
plo non nocebatur, ignovit ; admonitio frequens, inter- 
dum et castigatio, vindicta tamen rarissima, agebat- 
que medium, plurima dissimulans, aliqua inhibens. 

4 Hiems emolumentum patrati belli contulit, sed inse- 
quenti aestate omnis Pannonia reliquiis totius belli 
in Delmatia manentibus pacem petiit. Ferocem illam 
tot milium iuventutem, paulo ante servitutem mina- 
tam Italiae, conferentem arma, quibus usa erat, apud 
flumen nomine Bathinum prosternentemque se uni- 
versam genibus imperatoris, Batonemque et Pinnetem 
excelsissimos duces, captum alterum, alterum a se 
deditum iustis voluminibus ordine narrabimus, ut 

• 5 spero. Autumno victor in hiberna reducitur exer- 
citus, cuius omnibus copiis a Caesare M. Lepidus prae- 
fectus est, vir nomini ac fortunae Caesarum proximus, 
quern in quantum quisque aut cognoscere aut intelle- 
gere potuit, in tantum miratur ac diligit tantorumque 
nominum, quibus ortus est, ornamentum iudicat. 
115 Caesar ad alteram belli Delmatici molem animum 
atque arma contulit. In qua regione quali adiutore 
legatoque fratre meo Magio Celere Velleiano usus sit, 
ipsius patrisque eius praedicatione testatum est et 
amplissimorum honorum, quibus triumphans eum 
2 Caesar donavit, signat memoria. Initio aestatis Lepi- 



Cap. 115, 116.] HISTORIA BOMANA. 57 

clus educto hibernis exercitu per gentis integras immu- 
nesque adhuc clade belli et eo feroces ac truces tendens 
ad Tiberium imperatorem et cum difficultate locorum 
et cum vi hostium luctatus, magna cum clade obsi- 
stentium excisis agris, exustis aedificiis, caesis viris, 
laetus victoria praedaque onustus pervenit ad Cae- 
sarem, et ob ea, quae si propriis gessisset auspiciis, 3 
triumphare debuerat, ornamentis triumphalibus con- 
sentiente cum iudicio principum voluntate senatus 
donatus est. Ilia aestas maximi belli consummavit 4 
effectus : quippe Perustae et Desidiates Delmatae, 
situ locorum ac montium, ingeniorum ferocia, mira 
etiam pugnandi scientia et praecipue angustiis sal- 
tuum paene inexpugnabiles, non iam ductu, sed mani- 
bus atque armis ipsius Caesaris turn demum pacati 
sunt, cum paene funditus eversi forent. Nihil in hoc 5 
tanto bello, nihil in Germania aut videre maius aut 
mirari magis potui, quam quod imperatori numquam 
adeo ulla opportuna visa est victoriae occasio, quam 
damno amissi pensaret militis semperque visum est 
gloriosissimum, quod esset tutissiinum, et ante con- 
scientiae quam famae consultum nee umquam consilia 
ducis iudicio exercitus, sed exercitus providentia ducis 
rectus est. 

Magna in bello Delmatico experimenta virtutis in 116 
incultos ac difficilis locos praemissus Germanicus de- 
dit ; celebri etiam opera diligentique Vibius Postumus 2 
vir consularis, praepositus Delmatiae ornamenta meruit 
triumphalia : quern honorem ante paucos annos Passie- 
nus et Cossus, viri [quibusdam] diversis virtutibus 
celebres, in Africa meruerant. Sed Cossus victoriae 
testimonium etiam in cognomen filii contulit, adule- 



58 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 116, 117. 

3 scentis in omnium virtutum exempla geniti. At Po- 
stumi operum L. Apron ius particeps ilia quoque mili- 
tia eos, quos mox consecutus est, honores excellenti 
virtute meruit. Utinam non maioribus experimentis 
testatum esset, quantum in omni re fortuna posset ! 
sed in hoc quoque genere abunde agnosci vis eius 
potest. Nam et Aelius Lamia, vir antiquissimi moris 
et priscam gravitatem semper humanitate temperans, 
in Germania Illyricoque et mox in Africa splendidis- 
simis functus ministeriis, non merito, sed materia 

4 adipiscendi triumphalia defectus est, et A. Licinius 
Nerva Silianus, P. Silii Alius, quern virum ne qui intel- 
lexit quidem abunde miratus est, f ne nihil non optimo 
civi simplicissimo duci perisset praeferens, inmatura 
morte et fructu amplissimae principis amicitiae et con- 
summatione evectae in altissimum paternumque fasti- 

5 gium imaginis defectus est. Horum virorum mentioni 
si quis quaesisse me dicet locum, fatentem arguet ; 
neqne enim iustus sine mendacio candor apud bonos 
crimini est. 

117 Tantum quod ultimam imposuerat Pannonico ac 
Delmatico bello Caesar manum, cum intra qninque 
consummati tanti operis dies funestae ex Germania 
epistulae nuntium attulere caesi Vari trucidatarumque 
legionum trium totidemque alarum et sex cohortium, 
velut in hoc saltern tantummodo indulgente nobis 
fortuna, ne occupato duce . . . sed et causa et persona 
2 moram exigit. Varus Quintilius inlustri magis quam 
nobili ortus f amilia, vir ingenio mitis, moribus quietus, 
ut corpore, ita animo immobilior, otio magis castro- 
rum quam bellicae adsuetus militiae, pecuniae vero 
quam non contemptor, Syria, cui praefuerat, declara- 



Cap. 117, 118.] HISTORIA ROMANA. 59 

vit, quam pauper divitem ingressus dives pauperem 
reliquit ; is cum exercitui, qui erat in Germania, prae- 3 
esset, concepit esse homines, qui nihil praeter vocem 
membraque haberent hominum, quique gladiis domari 
non poterant, posse hire mulceri. Quo proposito me- 4 
diam ingressus Germaniam velut inter viros pacis 
gaudentes dulcedine iurisdictionibus agendoque pro 
tribunali ordine trahebat aestiva. 

At illi, quod nisi expertus vix credat, in summa feri- 118 
tate versutissimi natumque mendacio genus, simulantes 
fictas litium series et nunc provocantes alter alterum 
in iurgia, nunc agentes gratias, quod ea Eomana iusti- 
tia finiret feritasque suanovitate incognitae disciplinae 
mitesceret et solita armis discerni iure terminarentur, 
in summam socordiam perduxere Quintilium, usque 
eo, ut se praetorem urbanum in foro ius dicere, non in 
mediis Germaniae finibus exercitui praeesse crederet. 
Turn iuvenis genere nobilis, manu fortis, sensu celer, 2 
ultra barbarum promptus ingenio, nomine Arminius, 
Sigimeri principis gentis eius filius, ardorem animi 
vultu oculisque praeferens, adsiduus militiae nostrae 
prioris comes, iure etiam civitatis Romanae decus 
equestris consecutus gradus, segnitia ducis in occasio- 
nem sceleris usus est, haud imprudenter speculatus 
neminem celerius opprimi, quam qui nihil timeret, et 
frequentissimum initium esse calamitatis securitatem. 
Primo igitur paucos, mox pluris in societatem consilii 3 
recepit : opprimi posse Romanos et dicit et persuadet, 
decretis facta iungit, tempus insidiarum constituit. 
Id Varo per virum eius gentis fidelem clarique nomi- 4 
nis, Segesten, indicatur. Obstabant iam fata consiliis 
omnemque animi eius aciem praestrinxerant : quippe 



I 

00 VELLEI PATEKCULI [Cap. 118, 119. 

ita se res habet, ut plerumque cuius fortunam muta- 
turus est deus, consilia corrumpat efficiatque, quod 
miserrimum est, ut, quod accidit, etiam merito acci- 
disse videatur et casus in culpam transeat. Negat 
itaque se credere speciemque in se benevolentiae ex 
merito aestirnare profitetur. Nee diutius post pri- 
mum indicem secundo relictus locus. 
119 Ordinem atrocissimae calamitatis, qua nulla post 
Crassi in Parthis damnum in extends gentibus gra- 
vior Eomanis fuit, iustis voluminibus ut alii, ita 

2 nos conabimur exponere: nunc summa deflenda est. 
Exercitus omnium fortissimus, disciplina, manu ex- 
perientiaque bellorum inter Eomanos milites princeps, 
marcore ducis, perfidia hostis, iniquitate fortunae cir- 
cumventus, cum ne pugnandi quidem aut egrediendi 
occasio iis, in quantum voluerant, data esset immunis, 
castigatis etiam quibusdam gravi poena, quia Eo- 
manis et armis et animis usi fuissent, inclusus silvis, 
paludibus, insidiis ab eo hoste ad internecionem truci- 
datus est, quern ita semper more pecudum trucida- 
verat, ut vitam aut mortem eius nunc ira nunc venia 

3 temperaret. Duci plus ad moriendum quam ad pu- 
gnandum animi f uit : quippe paterni avitique exempli 

4 successor se ipse transfixit. At e praefectis castrorum 
duobus quam clarum exemplum L. Eggius, tarn turpe 
Ceionius prodidit, qui, cum longe maximam partem 
absumpsisset acies, auctor deditionis supplicio quam 
proelio mori maluit. At Vala Numonius, legatus 
Vari, cetera quietus ac probus, diri auctor exempli, 
spoliatum equite peditem relinquens fuga cum alis 
Ehenum petere ingressus est. Quod factum eius 
fortuna ulta est; non enim desertis superfuit, sed 



Cap. 119, 120.] HISTORIA ROMANA. 61 

desertor occidit. Vari corpus semiustum hostilis lace- 5 
raverat f eritas ; caput eius abscisum latumque ad Maro- 
boduum et ab eo missum ad Caesarem gentilicii tamen 
tumuli sepultura honoratum est. 

His auditis revolat ad patrem Caesar; perpetuus 120 
patronus Bomani imperii adsuetam sibi causam sus- 
cipit. Mittitur ad Germaniam, Gallias confirmat, dis- 
ponit exercitus, praesidia munit et se magnitudine sua, 
non'fiducia hostis metiens, qui Cimbricam Teutonicam- 
que militiam Italiae minabatur, ultro Rhenum cum 
exercitu transgreditur. Arma infert, quae arcuisse 2 
pater et patria contenti erant; penetrat interius, 
aperit limites, vastat agros, urit domos, fundit obvios 
maximaque cum gloria, incolumi omnium, quos trans- 
duxerat, numero in hiberna revertitur. Eeddatur 3 
verum L. Asprenati testimonium, qui legatus sub 
avunculo suo Varo militans gnava virilique opera 
duarum legionum, quibus praeerat, exercitum immu- 
nem tanta calamitate servavit matureque ad inferiora 
hiberna descendendo vacillantium etiam cis Rhenum 
sitarum gentium animos confirmavit. Sunt tamen, 
qui ut vivos ab eo vindicatos, ita iugulatorum sub 
Varo occupata crediderint patrimonia hereditatemque 
occisi exercitus, in quantum voluerit, ab eo aditam. 
L. etiam Caedicii praefecti castrorum eorumque, qui 4 
una circumdati Alisone immensis Germanoruin copiis 
obsidebantur, laudanda virtus est, qui omnibus diffi- 
cultatibus superatis, quas inopia rerum intolerabilis, 
vis hostium faciebat inexsuperabilis, nee temerario 
consilio nee segni providentia usi speculatique oppor- 
tunitatem ferro sibi ad suos peperere reditum. Ex 5 
quo apparet Varum, sane gravem et bonae voluntatis 



&2 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 120, 121, 122. 

virum, magis imperatoris defectum consilio quam vir- 
tute destitutum militum se magnificentissimumque 
6 perdidisse exercitum. Cum in captivos saeviretur a 
Gernianis, praeclari facinoris auctor fuit Caldus Cae- 
lius, adulescens vetustate familiae suae dignissimus, 
qui complexus catenarum, quibus vinctus erat, seriem, 
ita illas inlisit capiti suo, ut protinus pariter sanguinis 
cerebrique effluvio expiraret. 

121 Eadem virtus et fortuna subsequenti tempore in- 
gressi Germaniam imperatoris Tiberii fuit, quae initio 
fuerat. Qui concussis hostium viribus classicis pe- 
ditumque expeditionibus, cum res Galliarum maximae 
molis accensasque plebis Viennensium dissensiones 
coercitione magis quam poena mollisset, et senatus 
populusque Eomanus postulante patre eius, ut ae- 
quum ei ius in omnibus provinciis exercitibusque 
esset, quam erat ipsi, decreto complexus esset (etenim 
absurdum erat non esse sub illo, quae ab illo vindica- 

2 bantu r, et qui ad opem ferendam primus erat, ad vin- 
dicandum honorem non iudicari parem), in urbem re- 
versus iam pridem debitum, sed continuatione bellorum 
dilatum ex Pannoniis Delmatisque egit triumphum. 

3 Cuius magnificentiam quis miretur in Caesare ? for- 
tunae vero quis non miretur indulgentiam ? quippe 
omnis eminentissimos hostium duces non occisos fama 
narravit, sed vinctos triumphus ostendit; quern mini 
fratrique meo inter praecipuos praecipuisque donis 
adornatos viros comitari contigit. 

122 Quis non inter reliqua, quibus singularis moderatio 
Ti. Caesaris elucet atque eminet, hoc quoque miretur, 
quod, cum sine ulla dubitatione septem triumphos 
meruerit, tribus contentus fuit ? Quis enim dubitare 



Cap. 122, 123.] HISTORIA ROMANA. 63 

potest, quin ex Armenia recepta et ex rege praeposito 
ei, cuius capiti insigne regium sua maim imposuerat, 
ordinatisque rebus Orientis ovans triumphare debuerit, 
et Vindelicorum Raetorumque victor curru urbem 
ingredi ? fractis deinde post adoptionem continua 2 
triennii militia Germaniae viribus idem illi honor et 
deferendus et recipiendus fuerit ? et post cladem 
sub Varo acceptam, expectato ocius prosperrimo rerum 
eventu eadem excisa Germania triumphus summi ducis 
adornari debuerit ? Sed in hoc viro nescias, utrum 
magis mireris, quod laborum periculoruinque semper 
excessit modum, an quod honorum temperavit. 

Venitur ad tenipus, in quo fuit plurimum metus. 123 
Quippe Caesar Augustus cum Germanicum nepotem 
suum reliqua belli patraturum misisset in Germaniam, 
Tiberium autem filium missurus esset in Illyricum 
ad firmanda pace quae bello subegerat, prosequens 
eum simulque interfuturus athletarum certaminis 
ludicro, quod eius honori sacratum a Neapolitanis 
est, processit in Campaniam. Quamquam iam motus 
imbecillitatis inclinataeque in deterius principia vale- 
tudinis senserat, tamen obnitente vi animi prosecutus 
filium digressusque ab eo Beneventi ipse Nolam petiit : 
et ingravescente in dies valetudine, cum sciret, quis 
volenti omnia post se salva remanere accersendus 
foret, festinanter revocavit filium; ille ad patrem 
patriae expectato revolavit maturius. Turn securum 2 
se Augustus praedicans circumfususque amplexibus 
Tiberii sui, commendans illi sua atque ipsius opera 
nee quidquam iam de fine, si fata poscerent, recusans, 
subrefectus primo conspectu alloquioque carissimi 
sibi spiritus, mox, cum omnem curam fata vincerent, 



64 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 123, 124, 125. 

iii sua resolutus initia Pompeio Apuleioque consulibus 
septuagesimo sexto anno animani caelestem caelo 
reddidit. 

124 Quid tunc homines timuerint, quae senatus trepi- 
datio, quae populi confusio, quis urbis metus, in quam 
arto salutis exitiique fuerimus confiiiio, neque mihi 
tam festinanti exprimere vacat neque cui vacat potest. 
Id solum voce publica dixisse satis habeo : cuius orbis 
ruinam timueramus, eum ne commotum quidem sensi- 
mus, tantaque unius viri maiestas f uit, ut nee bonis 

2 . . . neque contra malos opus armis foret. Una 
tamen velnti hictatio civitatis fuit, pugnantis cum 
Caesare senatus populique Romani, ut stationi pater- 
nae succederet, illius, ut potius aequalem civem quam 
eminentem liceret agere principem. Tandem magis 
ratione quam honore victus est, cum quidquid tuen- 
dum non suscepisset, periturum videret, solique huic 
contigit paene diutius recusare principatum, quam, 

3 ut occuparent eum, alii armis pugnaverant. Post 
redditum caelo patrem et corpus eius humanis hono- 
ribus, numen divinis honoratum, primum principalium 
eius operum fuit ordinatio comitiorum, quam manu sua 

4 scriptam divus Augustus reliquerat. Quo tempore mihi 
fratrique meo, candidatis Caesaris, proxime a nobilissi- 
mis ac sacerdotalibus viris destinari praetoribus conti- 
git, consecutis, ut neque post nos quemquam divus 
Augustus neque ante nos Caesar commendaret Tibe- 
rius. 

125 Tulit protinus et voti et consilii sui pretium res 
publica, neque diu latuit aut quid non impetrando 
passuri fuissemus aut quid impetrando profecissemus. 
Quippe exercitus, qui in Germania militabat prae- 



Cap. 125, 126.] HISTORIA ROMAXA. 65 

sentisque Germanici imperio regebatur, simulque legi- 
ones, quae in lllyrico erant, rabie quadam et profunda 
confundendi omnia cupiditate novum ducem, novum 
statum, novum quaerebant rem publicam ; quin etiam 2 
ausi sunt minari daturos se senatui, daturos principi 
leges ; modum stipendii, finem militiae sibi ipsi consti- 
fogve conati sunt: processum etiam in arma ferrumque 
striatum est et paene in ultimum gladiorum erupit 
impunitas, def uitque, qui contra rem publicam duceret, 
non qui sequerentur. Sed haec omnia veteris impera- 3 
toris maturifcas, multa inhibentis, aliqua cum gravitate 
pollicentis, et inter severam praecipue noxiorum ulti- 
onem mitis aliorum castigatio brevi sopiit ac sustulit. 
Quo quidem tempore ut pleraque ignovit Gernianicus, 4 
ita Drusus, qui a patre in diversum plurimoque idem 
igne emicans incendium militaris tumultus missus erat, 
prisca antiquaque severitate usus ancipitia sibi maluit 
tenere quam exemplo perniciosa, et his ipsis militum 
gladiis, quibus obsessus erat, obsidentes coercuit, sin- 5 
gulari adiutore in eo negotio usus Iunio Blaeso, viro 
nescias utiliore in castris an meliore in toga : qui post 
paucos annos proconsul in Africa ornamenta triurnpha- 
lia cum appellatione imperatoria meruit. At Hispa- 
nias exercitumque in its cum M. Lepidas, de cuius 
virtutibus celeberrimaque in lllyrico militia praedixi- 
nius, cum imperio obtineret, in summa pace et quiete 
continuity cum ei pietas rectissima sentiendi et auctori- 
tas quae sentiebat obtinendi superesset. Cuius curam 
ac ficlem Dolabella quoque, vir simplicitatis genero- 
sissimae, in maritima parte Illyrici per omnia imi- 
tatus est. 

Horum sedecim annorum opera quis cum in- 126 



66 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 126, 127. 

serta sirU oculis animisque omnium, partibus eloqua- 
tur ? Sacravit parentem suum Caesar non imperio, 
sed religione, non appellavit eum, sed fecit deum. 

2 Revocata in forum fides, summota e foro seditio, 
ambitio campo, discordia curia, sepultaeque ac situ 
obsitae iustitia, aequitas, industria civitati redditae ; 
accessit magistratibus auctoritas, senatui maiestas, 
iudiciis gravitas ; compressa theatralis seditio, recte 
faciendi omnibus aut incussa voluntas aut iniposita 

3 necessitas : honorantur recta, prava puniuntur, suspicit 
potentem humilis, non timet, antecedit, non contem- 
nit humiliorem potens. Quando annona moderatior, 
quando pax laetior ? Diffusa in orientis occidentisque 
tractus et quidquid meridiano aut septentrione finitur, 
pax august a [per] omnis terrarum orbis angulos a 

4 latrociniorum metu servat immunes. Fortuita non 
civium tantummodo, sed urbium damna principis mu- 
nificentia vindicat. Restitutae urbes Asiae, vindicatae 
ab iniuriis magistratuum provinciae : honor dignis 
paratissimus, poena in malos sera, sed aliqua : supe- 

5 ratur aequitate gratia, ambitio virtute ; nam facere 
recte civis suos princeps optimus faciendo docet, 
cumque sit imperio maximus, exemplo maior est. 

127 Raro eminentes viri non magnis adiutoribus ad 
gubernandam fortunam suam usi sunt, ut duo Scipi- 
ones duobus Laeliis, quos per omnia aequaverunt sibi, 
ut divus Augustus M. Agrippa et proxime ab eo 
Statilio Tauro, quibus novitas familiae haut obstitit 
quominus ad multiplicis consulatus triumphosque et 
2 complura eveherentur sacerdotia. Etenim magna ne- 
gotia magnis adiutoribus egent [neque in parvo pau- 
citas ministeria defecit], interestque rei publicae quod 



Cap. 127, 128.] HISTORIA BOMANA. 67 

usu necessarium est, dignitate eminere utilitatemque 
auctoritate muniri. Sub his exemplis Ti. Caesar 3 
Seianum Aelium, principe equestris ordinis patre 
natum, materno vero genere clarissimas veteresque et 
insignes honoribus complexum familias, habentem con- 
sularis fratres, consobrinos, avunculum, ipsum vero 
laboris ac fidei capacissiinum, sufficiente etiam vigori 
animi com page corporis, singularem principalium one- 
rum adiutorem in omnia habuit atque habet, virum 4 
severitatis laetissimae, liilaritatis priscae, actu otiosis 
simillimum, nihil sibi vindicantem eoque adsequentem 
omnia, semperque infra aliorum aestimationes se meti- 
entem, vultu vitaque tranquillum, amino exsomnem. 

In huius virtutum aestimatione iam pridem iudicia 128 
civitatis cum iudiciis principis certant ; neque novus 
hie mos senatus populique Romani est putandi, quod 
optimum sit, esse nobilissimum. Nam et illi antiqui, 
qui ante bellum Punicum abhinc annos trecentos Ti. 
Coruncanium, hominem novum, cum aliis omnibus hono- 
ribus turn pontificatu etiam maximo ad principale extu- 
lere fastigium, et qui equestri loco natum Sp. Carvilium 2 
et mox M. Catonem, novum etiam Tusculo urbis inqui- 
linum, Mummiumque Achaicum in consulatus, censu- 
ras et triumphos provexere, et qui C. Marium ignotae 3 
originis usque ad sextum consulatum sine dubitatione 
Eomani nominis habuere principem, et qui M. Tullio 
tantum tribuere, ut paene adsentatione sua quibus 
vellet principatus conciliaret, quique nihil Asinio 
Pollioni negaverunt, quod nobilissimis summo cum 
sudore consequendum foret, profecto hoc senserunt, 
in cuiuscumque animo virtus inesset, ei plurimum 
esse tribuendum. Haec naturalis exempli imitatio 4 



68 VELLEI PATERCULI [Cap. 128, 129. 

ad experieiidum Seianum Caesarem, ad iuvanda vero 
onera principis Seianum propulit senatumque et popu- 
lum Romanum eo perduxit, ut, quod usu optimum in- 
tellegit, id in tutelam securitatis suae libenter advocet. 
129 Sed proposita quasi uni versa principatus Ti. Cae- 
saris forma singula recenseamus. Qua ille prudentia 
Rhascupolim, interemptorem fratris sui filii Cotyis 
consortisque eiusdem imperii, Eomam evocavit ! sin- 
gulari in eo negotio usus opera Flacci Pomponii con- 
sularis viri, nati ad omnia, quae recte facienda sunt, 
simplicique virtute merentis semper, numquam cap- 

2 tantis gloriam. Cum quanta gravitate ut senator et 
iudex, non ut princeps, causam Drusi Libonis audivit ! 
Quam celeriter ingratum et nova molientem oppressit! 
Quibus praeceptis instructum Germanicum suum im- 
butumque rudimentis militiae secum actae domitorem 
recepit Germaniae ! Quibus iuventam eius exaggera- 
vit honoribus, respondente cultu triumphi rerum, quas 

3 gesserat, magnitudini ! Quotiens populum congiariis 
honoravit senatorumque censum, cum id senatu auctore 
facere potuit, quam libenter explevit, ut neque luxu- 
riam invitaret neque honestam paupertatem pateretur 
dignitate destitui ! Quanto cum honore Germanicum 
suum in trans marinas misit provincias ! Qua vi con- 
siliorum suorum, ministro et adiutore usus Druso filio 
suo, Maroboduum inhaerentem occupati regni finibus, 
pace maiestatis eius dixerim, velut serpentem abstru- 
sam terrae salubribus consiliorum suorum medicamen- 
tis coegit egredi ! Quam ilium ut honorate, sic secure 
continet ! Quantae molis bellum principe Galliarum 
ciente Sacroviro Eloroque Iulio mira celeritate ac vir- 
tute compressit, ut ante populus Eomanus vicisse se 



Cap. 129, 130.] HISTORIA ROMANA. 69 

quam bellare cognosceret nuntiosque periculi victoriae 
praecederet nuntius ! Magni etiam terroris bellum 4 
Africum et cotidiano auctu maius auspiciis consiliis- 
que eius brevi sepultum est. 

Quanta suo suorumque nomine exstruxit opera ! 130 
quam pia munificentia superque humanam evecta 
fldem templum patri molitur ! Quam magnifico 
animi temperamento Cn. quoque Pompei munera 
absumpta igni restituit ! quidquid enim umquam cla- 
ritudine eminuit, id veluti cognatum censet tuendum. 
Qua liberalitate cum alias, turn proxime incenso monte 2 
Caelio omnis ordinis hominum iacturae patrimonio suc- 
currit suo ! Quanta cum quiete hominum rem perpetui 
praecipuique timoris, supplementum, sine trepidatione 
dilectus providet ! Si aut natura patitur aut medi- 3 
ocritas recipit hominum, audeo cum dels queri : quid 
hie meruit, primum ut scelerata Drusus Libo iniret 
consilia? deinde ut Silium Pisonemque tarn infestos 
haberet, quorum alterius dignitatem constituit, auxit 
alterius ? Ut ad maiora transcendam, quamquam et 
haec ille duxit maxima, quid, ut iuvenes amitteret 
filios ? quid, ut nepotem ex Druso suo ? Dolenda 4 
adhuc retulimus : veniendum ad erubescenda est. 
Quantis hoc triennium, M. Vinici, doloribus lacera- 
vit animum eius ! quam diu abstruso, quod miser- 
rimum est, pectus eius flagravit incendio, quod ex 
nuru, quod ex nepote dolere, indignari, erubescere 
coactus est ! Cuius temporis aegritudinem auxit 5 
amissa mater, eminentissima et per omnia deis quam 
hominibus similior femina, cuius potentiam nemo 
sensit nisi aut levatione periculi aut accessione 
dignitatis. 



70 VELLEI PATERCULI. [Cap. 131.] 

131 Voto finiendum volumen est. Iuppiter Capitoline, 
et auctor ac stator Komani nominis Gradive Mars, 
perpetubrumque custos Vesta ignium et quidquid 
nuniinum hanc Romani imperii molem in amplissi- 
mum terrarum orbis fastigium extulit, vos publica 
voce obtestor atque precor : custodite, servate, pro- 
2 tegite hunc statum, hanc pacem, hunc principem, eique 
functo longissima statione mortali destinate succes- 
sores quam serissimos, sed eos, quorum cervices tarn 
fortiter sustinendo terrarum orbis imperio sufflciant, 
quam huius suffecisse sensimus, consiliaque omnium 
civium aut pia iuvate aut impia confringite. 



NOTES. 



In the references to the grammars, A. & G. = Allen & Greenough; G. = Gil- 
dersleeve; H. =Harkness. 

41. Julius Caesar, consul. His family and character. He re- 
fuses to divorce his wife at Sulla's command. His capture by 
pirates. 

1. consulatus C. Caesaris: the first triumvirate was formed 
by Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, 60 b.c. Caesar was consul in 
the following year. — qui scribenti . . . iniicit: for a similar ex- 
pression, cf. Val. Max. 4. 1. 15, Ad externa iam mihi exempla 
transire conanti 31. Bibulus . . . manus iniicit. — Hie nobilissima 
. . . elapsus est : Yelleius is fond of long, involved sentences. Hie 
is the subject of elapsus est. — Iuliorum . . . familia: cf . Verg. 
Aen. I. 286-288, Xaseetur pulchra Troianus origine Caesar, . . . 
Iulius, a magno demissum nomen Iulo. — forma: in beauty. Vel- 
leius is fond of the ablative of specification ; cf. 73. 1, cogitatione 
celer. He often uses it in the place of the abl. of quality ; cf. 117. 
2, vir ingenio mitis, instead of vir miti ingenio ; the latter construc- 
tion he seldom employs. — vigore animi: cf. Plin. H. N. 7. 25. 
Animi vigore praestantissimum arbitror genitum Caesarem dicta- 
torem. Scribere aut legere, simul dictare et audire soiitum accepi- 
jnus. Fpistolas vero tantarum rerum quaternas pariter librariis 
dictare ; aut si nihil aliud ageret, septenas. — efrasissimus : for pro- 
fusissimus. Cicero uses it in the same sense ; cf. Cic. Cael. 6. 13, 
quis in largitione effusior? — sed . . . iracundo : ''Alexander was 
so given to wine that on one occasion, at a banquet, when he was 
under its influence, he seized a spear and killed Clitus, an old 
and devoted friend." Delphin. 

2. qui . . . uteretur : a clause of characteristic, in which qui = 
is or talis ut ; hence the subjunctive. See A. ft G. 320; G. 633 ; 
H. 503, I. ; Roby, II. p. 294. Cf. Liv. 21. 4, concerning Hannibal, 

71 



72 NOTES. 

cibi potionisque desiderio natural i, non voluptate modus Jinitus. 
— cuni: with /uisset, dimisisset, and habuisset, is concessive. — C. 
Mario . . . coniunctissimus : Julia, Caesar's aunt, married the 
elder Marius. Her son, septiens consults filius (26. 1), was consul, 
82 b.c. Caesar was related " by blood " to the latter, only. For a 
comparison of Caesar and Marius, see Suet. Caes. 1, nam Caesari 
multos JIarios inesse. — Cinnae : Cinna was an adherent of Marius 
in the civil war with Sulla. He was consul four times, 87-84 b.c 
He was put to death by his mutinous soldiers when about to cross 
over to Greece to hold Sulla in check. — M. Piso consularis : 
consul, 61 b.c, and hence the term consularis did not belong 
to him when he divorced Annia. — in Sullae . . . gratiam: in 
is here final, that he might gain the favor of Sulla. — dimisisset: 
for dimitto in the sense of repudiare, to put away, to divorce, cf. 
Suet. Aug. 63, uxorem . . . dimittere. — Sullae : consul, 88 b.c His 
rivalry with Marius led to civil war. Sulla ultimately prevailed, 
and was made perpetual dictator, 82 b.c. He resigned the dicta- 
torship three years later, and died, 78 b.c — eo tempore, quo: 
82 b.c — ipso: sc. Sulla. — habitum: the object of indutus, which 
is used like the Greek middle. This construction is rare in prose ; 
see A. & G. 240, c, note ; G. 332, 2 ; H. 377. 

3. Idem postea : for time and order of events, see on accusatio, 
43. 3. — iuvenis: Caesar was about twenty-five at this time. — 
terrori venerationique : cf. Suet. Caes. 4, mansitque apud eos, 
non sine summa dignatione, prope quadraginta dies, cum uno 
medico et cubiculariis duobus. — excalcearetur : medial passive ; 
subjunctive of result, following ita se . . . gessit. — in hoc : for this 
purpose. Not so used before the time of Livy and the Augustan 
poets. See Draeger, I. p. 658. — oculis tantummodo : he was 
not bound. Plutarch says: "For thirty-eight days with all the 
freedom in the world he amused himself with joining in the ex- 
ercises and games of the pirates, as if they had not been his 
keepers, but his attendants." 

42. Caesar, being ransomed, raises a fleet and punishes the 
pirates. 

1. quanto opere . . . destituerit: with what obstinacy the 
Bornan magistrate who was then governing Asia refused,, on 
account of fear, to second his attempts. — Asiam: Asia, as a 



BOOK II. CHAP. 41, 42, 43. 73 

Roman province, included Mysia, Lydia, Caria, and Phrygia. See 
Harpers' Lat. Lex. s.v. II. A. — illud: the following, — mox: 

Velleius uses mox in the sense of postca, as here, and also with the 
force of paulo post, as in 43. 1 ; 105. 1 ; 116. 3. He often employs 
mox after primo, as in 51. 2 ; 03. 1 ; 68. 2 ; 82. 2 ; 118. 3 ; but in 
64. 1, postea is used. — evasuri : destined to become. For a similar 
use of evadere, cf. Cic. de Or. 1. 28. 120, quos iudicabat non posse 
oratores evader e. 

2. noz : we would expect node quae, but the antecedent stands 
in the relative clause and is attracted into the case of the relative. 
Cf. Verg. Aen. I. 573, urbem quam statuo vestra est ; and see A. & 
G. 200, b; G. 618; H. 445, 9. —earn diem: dies is here fern. 
Cf. 57. 2, ea die; but 86. 1, ille dies; 112. 7, eodem die. Velleius 
uses it as masc. or fern, apparently without distinction. — qua : 
its antecedent is diem. — civitatium: stems in tat- have -urn 
or -ium in the gen. plural. The more common termination is 
-urn, but civitatium occurs often. See Xeue, I. 2 p. 268. — in eum 
locum: cf. Suet. Caes. 4, circa Pharmacusam insulam. This 
island, now Farnako, was southwest from Miletus. There were 
also two small islands of the same name between Salamis and the 
coast of Attica. — multosque . . . cepit: cf. Suet. Caes. 4, 
Numeratis deinde quinquaginta talentis, expositus in litore, non 
distulit, quin e vestigio classe deducta persequeretur abeuntes ; ac 
redactos in potestatem supplicio, quod illis saepe minatus inter 
iocum fuerat, afficeret. 

3. in Bithyniam perrexit : Nicomedes was king of Bithynia at 
this time. In the year 74 b.c, he left his kingdom by will to the 
Romans. —auctor: cf. Plut. Caes., "He made application to 
Junius, who was then governor of Asia, to whose office it belonged 
as praetor, to determine their punishment." — quippe : equivalent 
to enim. It is used in this sense by Velleius more than fifty times. 
He frequently employs it as here, to introduce a parenthetical 
clause ; and with very few exceptions places it at the beginning, 
whether the clause is parenthetical or not. — suffixit cruci : this 
form of punishment was reserved for slaves and criminals of the 
worst class. 

43. Caesar made priest ; returns to Rome ; his deeds in the city 
during his aedileship and praetorship. He is quaestor in Spain. 



74 NOTES. 

1. Cottae: C. Aurelius Cotta, consul, 75 b.c — paene puer •. 
Caesar was thirteen, if we accept the date usually assigned for his 
birth, 100 b.c. ; Mommsen (Hist. Rome, IV. p. 27) places his birth 
in the year 102 b.c — flamen dialis: priest of Jupiter. Caesar 
was nominated, but was never installed in office. From the death 
of Merula, 87 b.c, to 11 b.c the office was vacant. The duties per- 
taining to it were performed by the pontifex maximus. See Smith's 
Diet. Antiq. s.v. Flamen. — victoria: Sulla returned from the 
Mithridatic war, 82 b.c In the following year he completed the 
overthrow of the Marian party and was made dictator. — ne con- 
spiceretur a : to escape the notice of. — quattuor scalmorum na- 
vem : a four-oared boat. A scalmus, thole-pin, was a smooth peg 
of wood or iron to which the oar was bound. Found in Cicero ; 
cf . Brut. 53, in litore ambulans scalmum repperisset. — effusissi- 
mum: — amplissimum. Cf. Hor. Ep. I. 11. 26, effusi late maris; 
Tac. Ger. 30, effusis . . . locis. 

3. nobilissima . . . accusatio: cf. Suet. Caes. 55, post accu- 
sationem Dolabellae haud dubie principibus patronis adnumeratus 
est. Velleius has not followed the generally accepted order of 
events in Caesar's life. The latter left Rome, 82 b.c, and returned 
after Sulla's death in 78. In the following year he accused Dola- 
bella of extortion in his province of Macedonia. In 76 b.c he 
went to Rhodes to study oratory under Molo, and on the voyage 
was captured by pirates. He remained in the East about two years 
and returned to Rome after his election as pontiff. — maior civi- 
tatis in ea favor: the Delphin edition follows the reading of 
Heinsius, in eo, and has the following note : Id est, civitas Dola- 
bellae magis favit, quam solet favere reis. Licet enim Dolabellam 
Caesar accusaret repetundarum, et insectaretur vehementer, non 
tamen obtinuit ut damnaretur. — contentionesque civiles : for 
a similar use of contentio, cf. Cic. Off. I. 38, Bectum est . . . in 
illis contentionibus quae cum inimicissimis fiunt, . . . gravitatem 
retinere, iracundiam pellere. There were two factions in Rome at 
this time ; the optimates, composed of the followers of Sulla, and 
the Marian, or popular party. Catulus was the head of the 
former, Caesar of the latter. — victus . . . Q. Catulus : cf. Suet. 
Caes. 13, pontificatum maximum petit, non sine profusissima largi- 
tione; . . . duos competitores . . . et aetate et dignitate antece- 



BOOK II. CHAP. 43. 75 

denies superavit. Catnlus, who had been consul in 78 b.c, and 

Isauricus were his competitors. — senatus princeps: cf. Sail. Cat. 
40, maximis honoribus usus, 

4. restituta . . . monumenta: cf. Suet. Caes. 11, tropaea C. 
Marii de Iugurtha deque Cimbris atque Teutonis, olim a SuUa 
disiecta, restituit; also Plut. Caes., "He ordered images of Marius, 
and figures of Victory, with trophies in their hands, to be carried 
privately in the night, and placed in the capitol." monumenta is used 
in the sense of tropaea. — revocati ad ius . . . liberi: the chil- 
dren and grandchildren of the men proscribed by Sulla were excluded 
from political offices, but those of senatorial rank were compelled 
to bear senatorial burdens ; Mommsen. Through Caesar's exer- 
tions these disabilities were removed. — praetura quaesturaque : 
Caesar was quaestor at thirty-two ; praetor at thirty-eight. — 
industria : this consisted in securing enough plunder in his prov- 
ince to pay off his enormous debts in Rome. — in Hispania: he 
was quaestor in further Spain. He was propraetor in the same 
province in 61 b.c, at which time his military career began. He 
conquered the Lusitanians ; took Brigantium ; and was saluted as 
imperator. — Vetere Antistio : the cognomen is placed before the 
nomen. This occurs often in Velleius when the praenomen is 
omitted. It is found in Cicero and Tacitus, but is very rare in 
Caesar and Sallust. See Draeger, Syn. u. Stil des Tac. p. 91. — 
huius Veteris . . . pontificis : of the present Vetus, formerly 
consul, now pontiff. — sacerdotum: "The public priests, sacer- 
dotes, were divided into three classes : the first class, that of 
the sacerdotes publici populi Bomani, formed the great collegia 
of the pontifices, comprising the subdivisions of the Vllviri epu- 
lones t the XVviri sacris faciundis, the Augures, Salii, and Fetiales ; 
the second class comprised the sodalitates, which had to perform 
the sacra popularia ; the third, those officiating at the sacra genti- 
litia.'''' Guhl & Koner, p. 534. For a distinction between sacer- 
dotes, pontifices, and flamines, see Cic. de Leg. II. 8, Divisque aliis 
alii sacerdotes, omnibus pontifices, singulis fiamines sunto. — viri 
. . . potest: Viri adeo boni, ut non possit cogitari maior in 
homine candor; Delphin. — minus egent: before minus sc. eo 
correlative to quo. 



76 NOTES. 

44. The first triumvirate, formed by Caesar, Ponrpey, and 
Crassus. Caesar's law concerning the division of the Campanian 
fields. Bibulus 1 opposition to Caesar. Gaul decreed to Caesar 
for five years. 

1. Hoc igitur consule: he was either consul elect, or candi- 
date for the consulship ; not actually consul. — Cn. Pompeium : 
Pompey the Great was born 106 b.c, the year of Cicero's birth. 
He became consul at the age of thirty-six. The rivalry between 
Pompey and Caesar led to civil war, which culminated in the 
battle of Pharsalus and death of Pompey, 48 b.c. Cf. 29, cuius 
viri magnitude* multorum voluminum instar exigit, . . . innocentia 
eximius, sanctitate praecipuus, eloquentia medius, potentiae, quae 
honoris causa ad earn deferretur, non vi ab eo occuparetur, aqri- 
dissimus, dux hello peritissimus, . . . paene omnium vitiorum 
expers. — M. Crassum: Crassus was noted for his wealth and for 
his success as an orator. He was twice Pompey' s colleague in 
the consulship. While proconsul in Syria, he was defeated and 
slain by the Parthians, 53 b.c. — inita potentiae societas: cf. 
Suet. Caes. 19, Pompeioque Marcum Crassum reconciliavit, . . . 
ac societatem cum utroque iniit, ne quid ageretur in re publica, 
quod displicuisset ulli e tribus. — cuique: i.e. each one of the tri- 
umvirs. 

2. Hoc consilium . . . habuerat: cf. Flor. IV. 2. 11, Sic 
igitur Caesare dignitatem comparare, Crasso augere, Pompeio reti- 
nere cupientihus omnibusque pariter potentiae cupidis de invadenda 
re publica facile convenit. — acta: Pompey defeated Mithridates ; 
subdued Syria, Phoenicia, and Palestine ; founded cities, and regu- 
lated the affairs of neighboring kingdoms. Upon his return to 
Rome he celebrated, for two days, the most splendid triumph that 
had ever been seen in the city. He asked for land with which to 
reward his soldiers, and that his acts in the East be ratified. — 
praediximus : in ch. 40. Velleius uses the pluralis modestiae very 
often ; cf. 73. 3 ; 76. 2; 89. 6 ; 90. 1, et passim. He occasionally 
uses the singular ; cf. dixerirn, 53. 4 ; redderem . . . fraudabo, 76. 
1. Like other historians of the same period he varies between the 
two; Pritsch. — invidia: unpopularity; ablative absolute with 
rclegata. — in ilium relegata : post- Augustan ; cf. 64. 2, invidiam 
in auctorem relegabat. Cicero uses derivo ; cf. Ver. II. 20, te culpam 



BOOK II. CHAP. H. 77 

derivare in aliquem; Livy, reido; ef. 2. 28, ri . . . invidiam eitu 
consules ad 8enatum reicerent; cf . also Tac. Ann. XIII. 43 t 8celera 
ipsa aliis delegent. — vires: Velleius often uses abstracts in the 
plural. See Introduction, II., Nouns. For a full discussion of the 
use of abstracts in the plural, see Dnieper, I. p. 10 ff. 

4. In hoc consulatu: for a similar construction, cf. 48. 1 ; 111. 
o ; 115. 5 ; 11C. 1. The frequent use of in in expressions of time, 
where the simple ablative might be employed, marks the change 
from classical to Silver Latin. — legem tulit : for an account of 
this law, see Mommsen, Hist. Rome, IV. p. 244 ff. — plebei : da- 
tive, plebes (plebs) varies between the fifth and third declensions. 
See A. & G. p. 41, foot-note 1 ; G. 74, B, 5 ; H. p. 51, foot-note 1. 
— suasore . . . Pompeio : Pompey wished to reward the soldiers 
that had served with him in Asia with this land. — ius urbis . . . 
erat : concerning the reduction of Capua to a Roman prefecture, 
Livy (26. 16) says: " All the territory and public buildings of 
Capua were seized by the Romans. The city was compelled to 
give up its political rights and privileges and to submit to the gov- 
ernment of a prefect sent annually from Rome." — Capua: the 
chief city of Campania. Capua offended the Romans by opening 
her gates to Hannibal after the battle of Cannae, 216 b.c. Five 
years later it was retaken by the Romans, who inflicted terrible 
punishment upon the inhabitants, putting some to death, selling 
others into slavery, confiscating landed estates, and abolishing the 
constitution of the Campanian city. — praefecturae : The division 
of the Italian communities, as established by the Roman govern- 
ment, was threefold — Prefectures, Municipal Towns, and Colonies. 
For a full discussion of these, see Liddell, Rom. Hist. p. 252 ff. 

5. Bibulus : M. Bibulus, colleague of Caesar in the consulship. 
Mommsen (Hist. IV. p. 244) speaks of the election of Bibulus, 
"by means of a bribery for which the whole order of lords con- 
tributed the funds, and which excited surprise even in that period 
of deepest corruption." He characterizes him as one whose 
"narrow-minded obstinacy" was regarded by the aristocracy as 
" conservative energy." — maiore parte anni: cf. Suet. Caes. 20. 
For eight months Bibulus refused to take any part in public affairs. 
Caesar carried his measures in spite of the opposition of the aris- 
tocracy by appealing to the people. The ablative parte denotes 



78 NOTES. 

duration of time. See A. & G. 256, 2, b; G. 392, 2; H. 379, 1. 
This use of the ablative to denote "time throughout which" is 
rare except in post- Augustan writers. — Caesari decretae . . . 
Galliae : cf. Suet. Caes. 22, Et initio quidem Galliam Cisalpinam, 
Illyrico adiecto, lege Vatinia accepit ; mox per senatum Comatam 
(Transalpinam) quoque, veritis patribus ne, si ipsi negassent, po- 
pulus et hanc daret. 

45. Character of Clodius. Cicero's exile. The capture of 
Cyprus by Cato. 

1. P. Clodius: Clodius was of noble birth, but an unprincipled 
man, and a reckless demagogue. While the Roman matrons were 
celebrating the mysteries of the Bona Dea in Caesar's house, 
Clodius entered in disguise. He was detected in this violation of 
law, and brought to trial, but escaped conviction by bribing the 
judges. He became the enemy of the senatorial party, and espe- 
cially of Cicero, who had been a witness against him. To carry 
out his designs, he secured adoption into a plebeian family, and 
was then elected tribune, 58 b.c. In this office he was a willing 
tool in Caesar's hands for humbling the senate and winning the 
favor of the people. For the manner of his death, see 47. 4 ; also 
Cic. Mil. 10. Kaiser (Doct. Diss., Berlin, 1884) thinks that Velleius 
has here imitated Sail. Cat. 23. — nobilis : of high birth. The full 
form is gnobilis, from Latin base gno, to begin to know, seen in 
gnosco (nosco), Greek yi-yvd-o-Ku, A.S. cnawan, Eng. know. — 
executor : post-Augustan. — inimicitias . . . exerceret : for a 
similar expression, cf . SalL Cat. 49. Cicero (Mil. 9) calls Clodius 
homo ad omne f acinus par atissimus. — tarn dissimiies : Sallustian. 
Cf. lug. 31, Potestne in tarn diver sis mentibus pax, aut amicitia 
esse? On tarn, see Introduction, II., Adverbs. — indemnatum : = 
indicta causa damnatum, condemned without a hearing. — solus 
petebatur : Cicero had caused Lentulus, Cethegus, and other mem- 
bers of Catiline's conspiracy to be put to death in prison without 
trial. 

2. viginti viros: sc. praepositos. Pompey and Crassus were 
at the head of the commission. Cicero, one of the senatorial 
party, and opposed to Caesar and his plans, refused to be a 
member. 

3. intra biennium: Cicero went into exile about April 1, 



BOOK II. CHAP. 44, 45. T ( J 

58 b.c, and was recalled in August of the following year. — 
verum ut: lut when. — Annii Milonis : T. Anniu.s Milo, tribune 
of the people, 57 b.c, secured Cicero's recall. lie was opposed by 
Clodius and maintained an armed band for protection. The hos- 
tility of these two leaders resulted in a violent encounter on the 
Appian Way in which Clodius was killed. Cf. 47. 4. — Numidici : 
Q. Caecilius Metellus Xumidicus received his surname because of 
his victories over Jugurtha in Numidia during his consulship and 
proconsulship, 109 and 108 b.c Cf. 11. 1, BeUina <7<'/',/<i<< lugur- 
thinum gestum est per Q. Jletellum nulli secundum saecull sui ; 
also 11. 2, Metelli tamen et triumphus fait clarissimus et meritum 
ex viitute ei cognomen Numidici inditum. — exilium aut reditum: 
cf. 15. 3, 4, U Q. Metellus, son of Xumidicus, justly received the 
surname of Pius ; for when his father was banished by Saturninus, 
a tribune of the people, because he alone had refused to sw T ear 
obedience to his laws, Quintus, by his own devotion and through 
the influence of the senate and Roman people, obtained his father's 
recall." 

4. ministerii : see on 93. 2. — titulo : with the force oipraetextu, 
specie; used in this sense by Livy and the younger Pliny. — M. 
Catonem : M. Porcius Cato Uticensis was the great-grandson of 
Cato Maior. In the civil war he favored the Pompeian party. After 
the battle of Thapsus, 46 b.c, unwilling to submit to Caesar, the 
ruler of the Roman world, he committed suicide. Cf . Hor. Od. II. 

1. 23, 24 : 

Et cuncta terrarum subacta 
Praeter atrocem aninium Catonis. 

— is quaestor: Cato had been quaestor long before this time. 
He was sent to Cyprus as quaestor extra ordinem. For a similar 
use of the term, see Sail. Cat. 19, and Suet. Caes. 9. — adiecto : 
to be taken with quaestore. — Ptolemaeum : a natural son of 
Ptolemy Soter II. — omnibus morum . . . meritum : Ammia- 
nus, XIV. 8. 15, says that the attack of the Romans upon Ptolemy, 
an allied king, w T as wholly unjustifiable, and was in reality due to 
their greed for pow T er and their desire to fill their depleted treasury, 
regardless of the wrong inflicted upon an innocent ruler. 

5. pecuniam : nearly 88,500,000 ; Mommsen. — longe : for m uUo ; 
poetic and post- Augustan. See Introduction. II.. Adverbs. — cuius 



80 NOTES. 

integritatem . . . est: for a similar thought, Lipsiiis cites Tac. 
Agr. 9, Integritatem atque absHnentiam in tanto viro referre, 
iniuria virtutum fuerit. — insolentia: in the ablative, depending 
upon argui, a verb of accusing. See A. & G. 220, b, 1 ; G. 377, 1 ; 
II. 410, II, 3. 

46. Caesar's exploits in Gaul and Britain. Second consulship 
of Pompey and Crassus. The government of Gaul is given to 
Caesar for a second period of five years. Syria assigned to 
Crassus. His character and death. Syria saved to the Eomans 
by Cassius. 

1. explicandas: gerundive used instead of the verbal adjective 
in -bills. Cf. 78. 3, comparandi for comparabilis. — alterum . . . 
orbem : cf . Elor. III. 10. 16, quasi hie Bomanus orbis non sufficeret 
alterum cogitavit ; also Iuv. 10. 168, Unas Pellaeo iuveni non suffi- 
cit orbis. The use of orbis for orbis terrarum is mostly confined 
to poetry. — vetus par consulum : Pompey and Crassus were 
consuls for the first time, 70 b.c. They entered upon their second 
consulship, 55 b.c. — neque petitus honeste: Mommsen, Hist. 
IV. p. 382, in regard to this election, says, among other things, 
" But this had been effected only by open violence, on which occa- 
sion Cato was wounded and other extremely scandalous incidents 
occurred." — probabiliter : equivalent to cum approbations 

2. idem . . . temporis: i.e. for five years. — Parthicum: Par- 
thia proper was situated southeast of the Caspian Sea and east of 
Media. The Parthian empire gradually increased in power until 
it controlled the best provinces of the old Persian empire, and ex- 
tended from the Euphrates to the Indus. It lasted from 256 b.c 
to 226 a.d. — Syria: The country between the Euphrates and the 
Mediterranean ; in its narrowest sense, the valley of the Orontes ; 
made a Roman province by Pompey, 64 b.c — cetera sanctissi- 
mus : cf. cetera quietus acprobus, 119. 4 ; also Tac. Agr. 16, egregius 
cetera; Liv. 1. 32, cetera egregium; Verg. Aen. III. 594, at cetera 
Grains; Sail. lug. 19, cetera ignarus. This use of cetera in the 
adverbial accusative is very rare in classical prose. — immunisque 
voluptatibus : free from base desires. In this sense immunis is 
confined to poetry and post-Augustan prose. Cf. 115. 2. In 14. 3, 
ab is used, immunisque ab omnibus arbitris. 

3. diris cum . . . conati : the people and the tribunes opposed 



BOOK II. CHAP. 4.-., 46, 47. 81 

this unnecessary and unjust war with Parthia. u When Crassus 
had readied the gate of the city, the tribune, Ateios, attempted to 
stop him by force; but, failing in this, he performed a religions 
ceremony of the most appalling nature, by which he devoted the 
commander himself, and all who should follow him on that service, 
to the wrath of the infernal gods and a speedy destruction." 
Class. Diet. 

4. Euphraten: Greek form. The Euphrates rises in the Taurus 
mountains in Armenia. It flows in a southeasterly direction, sep- 
arating Mesopotamia from Syria. After a course of sixteen hundred 
miles, it empties into the Persian Gulf. The Tigris unites with it 
ninety miles from the gulf. — Crassum . . . interemit : for an 
account of the defeat and death of Crassus, see Liddell, p. 669 . 
cf. Hor. Od. III. 5. 5. — Seleuciam: a Greek city of Babylonia, on 
the Tigris, and at this time one of the principal cities of the 
Parthian empire. — Orodes : king of the Parthians. He was put 
to death by his son, Phraates, 37 b.c. — C. Cassius: quaestor 
under Crassus. He led the remnant of the army back to the 
Roman province, and in 51 b.c. gained a decisive victory over 
the Parthians. In the civil war he sided with Pompey and com- 
manded a fleet in his behalf. He was one of the conspirators 
against Caesar, auctor facinoris, and with Brutus commanded the 
republican forces at Philippi, 42 b.c. Supposing that all was lost 
when his division had been defeated, he took his own life. — mox: 
used as an adjective, attributive to auctor. This usage belongs 
to all periods, but did not become common until after the time 
of Cicero. — fugaret ac funderet : the usual order of these words 
is here reversed ; cf. 112. 2. 

47. Deeds of Caesar in Gaul and at Alesia. Death of Julia, 
daughter of Caesar and wife of Pompey. Pompey enters upon 
his third consulship alone. Milo condemned for killing Clodius. 

1. amplius: quam is often omitted after amplius. in expressions 
of number, without affecting the construction. Cf. 56. 2. — qua- 
dringenta milia : this is the reading of A P. Lipsras suggested 
octingerUa m.; Vossius, undents centena m.. following Appianus, 
Gall. 1. 2. Cf. Plin. H. X. 7. 25, "He engaged in fifty battles. 
alone surpassing M. Marcellus, who had fought in thirty-nine. 
Excluding the battles of the civil war. 1,192,000 men were killed 



82 NOTES. 

by him." See Leighton's Rome, p. 315, note, — bis . . . Britan- 
nia: 55 and 54 B.c, — novem denique . . . ullanon: there was 
scarcely a summer of the nine in which he fought in Gaul that he 
did not in the highest sense deserve a triumph ; Kritz. — iustissimus 
. . . emeritus : for the rules governing a triumphus iustus, and for 
the method of celebrating one, see Smith's Diet. Antiq. Caesar 
celebrated a brilliant triumph, 46 b.c, in honor of his victories in 
Gaul, Egypt, Pontus, and Africa. It surpassed in magnificence all 
former triumphs in the history of Rome. — Circa Alesiam . . . 
gestae : Alesia, now Alise, was a town of the Mandubii, in G?„ul. 
For an account of the defeat of Vercingetorix by Caesar at Alesia, 
see Caes. B. G. 7. 68 ff. 

2. anno: see on maiore parte anni, 44. 5. — medium: belongs 
to pignus. — cohaerentis : to be taken with concordiae. — Iulia 
. . . decessit : cf . Flor. IV. 2. 13, Crassi morte apud Parthos, et 
morte Iuliae, Caesaris filiae, quae nupta Pompeio generi soceri- 
que concordiam matrimonii foedere continebat, statim aemulatio 
erupit ; and Luc. I. 119, 120. — films: so Luc. V. 474, and 
Suet. (Caes. 26) ; but Plut. (Life of Pomp.) refers to the child as 
a daughter. 

3. Turn in . . . caedesque: "The unparalleled agitation re- 
garding the elections for the consulship of 53 b.c. led to the most 
scandalous scenes, so that the elections were postponed a full year 
beyond the fixed time, and only took place, after a seven months' 
interregnum in July, 53" ; Mommsen, Hist. IV. p. 388. — tertius 
consulatus soli: in 52 b.c. Pompey was made consul without 
a colleague. This practically gave him the power of a dictator. — 
veluti : see on quasi . . . violata, 100. 5. 

4. facto salutari: "The dregs of the populace, especially the 
freedmen and slaves, had lost in Clodius their patron and future 
deliverer"; Mommsen. — Bovillas: Bovillae was a small town 
on the Apjrian Way, about twelve miles from Rome. — Milonem 
reum : Cicero defended Milo, delivering in his behalf the oration 
pro Milone, now extant, though revised and changed from the 
form in which it was delivered. The popular outcry against Mjlo 
and the presence of armed men at the trial prevented Cicero from 
speaking with his usual power. Milo went into exile at Massilia, 
in Gaul. 



BOOK II. CHAP. 47, 48. 83 

5. M. Cato . . . sententia: Pompey appointed Cato one of 
the commissioners for investigating the death of Clodius — occi- 
sum : a perfect participle with the force of a verbal noun in English, 
the killing of that citizen. See A. & G. 292, a; H. 549, 5, note 2. 

48. Causes of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey. 
Character of Curio, tribune of the people. 

1. dimitti: the technical word for disbanding an army. — 
Hispanias : citeriorem et ulteriorem. The provinces were decreed 
to Pompey for five years. — Afranium : L. Afranius Nepos, a 
partisan of Pompey, by whose influence he was made consul, 
60 b.c. He commanded the right wing at Pharsalus. After the 
battle of Thapsus he was captured and put to death by the soldiers 
of Sittius, an adherent of Caesar. — Petreium: Marcus Petreius 
commanded the Romans against Catiline, 62 b.c. Cf. Sail. Cat. 
59, 60. After the battle of Thapsus he fell, by his own hand, after 
having performed the same office for Juba, the partner of his flight. 

— adsentabatur : in the best writers adsentari means to flatter. 
Velleius uses it in a good sense for adsentiri, to agree icith ; Georges. 
The reading, adsentiebatur, w r as preferred by Lipsius. — adversa- 
batur: "to oppose," in opinion only, not by force. 

2. biennium: accusative after ante, denoting the time be- 
tween two events. See A. & G. 259, d; G. 400, Rem. 3; H. 
430. Lipsius suggested annum as more accurate, historically. 

— muneribus: munus, " a public building," is also found in Ov. 
A. A. I. 69. — theatri et . . . operum: Pompey built the first 
permanent theatre in Rome. It was a magnificent structure of 
stone, capable of seating forty thousand persons. He evaded the 
law against the erection of a permanent theatre by building a tem- 
ple of Venus Victrix above, in such a position that the seats of 
the theatre served as steps to the temple. The location w T as in 
the Campus Martius, near the present Campo di Fiore. Some 
fragments of the old building are incorporated in the Palazzo 
Bighetti. In the rear of the seaena Pompey erected a portico, con- 
taining a curia, or senate-house. (See Dyer's Rome, pp. 174-176.) 
It was in this curia that Caesar was killed. On its site now stands 
the church of S. Andrea della VaJle. — vota pro salute: cf 
Iuv. Sat. 10. 283, 284 : 



84 NOTES. 

Provida Pompeio dederat Campania febres 
Optandas, sed multae urbes et publica vota 
Vicerunt. 

— inferos: equivalent to mortuos. 

3. viginti annos : from the beginning of the war between Caesar 
and Pompey, 49 B.C., to the triumph of Augustus, 29 b.c. — C. Curio : 
C. Scribonius Curio, a partisan of Caesar, is said to have saved the 
latter's life after the debate in the senate concerning Catiline's 
accomplices. Plutarch laid Antony's early initiation into vice to 
Curio's charge. In the civil war he was defeated and slain in 
Africa. — facem : used figuratively, giving a poetical coloring to 
the sentence. Cf. 89. 3, sopitus ubique armorum furor. — ingenio- 
sissime nequam: cf. 68. 1, ingeniose nequam. 

4. gratis: for gratiis, "on account of favors," hence, ivithout 
reward, gratuitously. — centies sestertio: about $500,000. — in 
medio relinquemus : for a similar expression, cf. Tac. Ger. 46. 

5. cavente Cicerone : for a fuller account of Cicero's efforts in 
behalf of peace, see Plut. Caes. 31. — iustis: complete, full. See 
on alio loco, 96. 3. — promatur: concessive. For this use of the 
subjunctive with cum . . . turn, see A. & G. 326, b ; G. 589 ; H. 
521, 2 (2), note 1, second example. 

6. Lucullis: 1. L. Licinius Lucullus, a man of wealth and 
refinement, a friend of Cicero, and a patron of art and letters. 
He was consul, 74 b.c, and was engaged -for several years in the 
Mithridatic war. 2. Marcus, brother of the former, was adopted 
by M. Terentius Varro. He was consul, 73 b.c, and two years 
later gained a triumph. — Metello : Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus, 
consul, 69 b.c He received his surname from his conquest of 
Crete. — Hortensio : Quintus Hortensius was the rival of Cicero 
as an orator. For thirteen years he was at the head of the Koman 
bar, and accumulated in that time an enormous fortune. He was 
the colleague of Metellus Creticus in the consulship. For Cicero's 
opinion of Hortensius as an orator, see Cic. Brut. 88. — quieta . . . 
praecipitata : see Critical Appendix. — fatali . . . morte : " a natu- 
ral death." — morte functi sunt : see on in sua . . . reddidit, 123. 2. 

49. The beginning of the civil war. 

1. Lentulo et Mar cello : L. Cornelius Lentulus and C. Claudius 
Marcellus were chosen consuls because of their subserviency to 



BOOK II. CHAP. 18, 49. 

Pompeyand their opposition to Caesar. — septingentis et tribus: 
according to the Varronian era, which assigns the founding ol 
Rome to the year 758 bx., they were consols To.", u < . — m. 
Vinici: Marcus Vinicius was twice consul, 30 and 45 a.i>. lie 
was connected by marriage to the family of Tiberius. Yelleius 
dedicated his history to Vinicius. Cf. 101. 3; 103. 1; 113. 1; 
130. 4. 

2. Alterius ducis causa : Pompey. On the causes of the war, 
see Luc. I. 07-182. — omnia speciosa: because of Pompey's brill- 
iant name. Cf. 48. 2. — fiducia: ablative. Note its emphatic 
position. — nomine : the reading is doubtful. See Critical Appen- 
dix. The sense of the passage is this: "Pompey obtained the 
chief command through the favor of the consuls and senate." 

3. Nihil relictum . . . posset: "This was to him (Caesar), 
who wanted a pretence for declaring war, a fair and plausible 
occasion ; but the true motive that led him was the same that 
formerly led Alexander and Cyrus against all mankind, the un- 
quenchable thirst of empire and the distracted ambition of being 
the greatest man in the world, which was impracticable unless 
Pompey was put down"; Plut. Life of Ant, ch. VI. — alter con- 
sul : Marcellus. — Lentulus . . . non posset: because of his debts. 
Cf. Caes. B. C. 1. 4, Lentulus aeris alieni magnitudine etspe exercitus 
ac provinciarum et regum appellandorum largitionibus movetur, 
seque alteram fore Sullam inter suos gloriatur, ad quern summa 
imperii redeat. — ante : =potius. — antiquus: honest, "a man of 
the good old times." — laudaret: potential subjunctive. — terri- 
biliora: tcrribilis, from terreo, means capable of inspiring 
form idable. powerful. 

4. Ut: =simul ac. — contentus . . . retinere: the infinitive after 
contenlus is post-Augustan. — veniret: sc. ut. For the omis 

of ut after decerno, see A. & G. 331, f, Rem. ; H. 499, 2. — Rubi- 
conem : a small river flowing into the Adriatic north of Ariminum. 
It formed part of the northern boundary of Italy. It was in direct 
violation of law for the proconsul of Gaul to cross this in command 
of his army. About the year 42 b.c. the boundary was changed to 
the Alps, and thus the Rubicon was deprived ol its former impor- 
tance. — transiit: cf. Suet. Cars. 32, Turn r' inquit, 
'nun deorurn ostenta et inimicorum iniquitas vocat. Facta alec 



St) NOTES. 

— relicta urbe : cf. Caes. B. C. 1. 14, cum Lentulus consul ad 
ape rie ml ion aerarium venisset ad pecuniam Pumpeio ex senatus- 
consulto proferendam, protinus aperto sanctiore aerario ex urbe 
profugeret. The "more sacred treasury" had been kept from 
early times to meet the chance of a Gallic war. u To account for 
this terror, it must be remembered that some of Caesar's troops 
were Gauls, and that his opponents thought that he would turn 
on them the habits of ferocious warfare learned in that country ; " 
Moberly. — Dyrrachium : formerly Epidamnus, a seaport of Illyria, 
now Durazzo. 

50. Caesar enters Rome. Unable to make peace, he invades 
Spain. 

1. Domitio: L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, consul 54 b.c, was 
selected by the Pompeian party to succeed Caesar in Gaul. Re- 
leased at Corfinium, he fled to Massilia. He fought at Pharsalus, 
and was killed in flight after the battle. — legionibusque : Domi- 
tius had thirty-three cohorts. These had not been organized into 
legions. Cf. Caes. B. C. 1. 15. — Cortini: Corfinium was a forti- 
fied town of the Peligni, now S. Pelino. — Brundusium : in Cala- 
bria. It was the principal Roman port on the Adriatic, now 
Brindisi. — integris . . . condicionibus : while the state was 
uninjured and peace possible. Cf. Sail. lug. 112. 1, posse condici- 
onibus bellum poni. 

2. necessitudinis : for necessitatis. Thelatter is more common 
in Cicero than the former. 

3. Massilia : in southern Gaul, now Marseilles. It was founded 
by Greek colonists, probably before 500 b.c, and became a rich 
commercial city, a rival of Carthage, and an ally of Rome. It 
suffered severely in the civil war because of its adherence to 
Pompey. — melior . . . prudentior: for the use of both adjec- 
tives in the comparative when two qualities of the same object are 
compared, see A. & G. 192; G. 314; H. 444, 2. — principalium : 
post-Augustan for principum. Velleius often uses an adjective in 
the place of a noun in the genitive. Cf. 56. 3, principalis quies ; 
76. 2, muliebris fugae. — captans: with the force of capiens. See 
Introduction, II., Verbs. 

4. ipsius : sc. Caesaris. It does not belong to adventus. — oc- 
cupatus: surprised. For the events described in §§ 3, 4, see 



BOOK II. CHAP. 40, 50, 51. 87 

Mommsen, Hist. IV. p. 458 ff. — uterque : note uterque with the 
partitive gen. legatorum. CL 108. 3, post utrivsque . . . obitwn. 

uterque with a pronoun in the partitive gen. is classical ; it ii 
used in Cicero with a substantive modified by an adjective pro- 
noun, as suarum rerum utramque, Div. 1. 52. 119; but with a 
substantive alone, it is poetic and post-Augustan. 
51. Caesar defeated by Pompey at Dyrrachium. 

1. tetrarcharum . . . dynastarum : Tetrarcha, a Greek word, 
denotes one who governs a fourth part of a kingdom. Dynastes, 
also Greek, signifies one who has very much power as a magistrate 
in a state. — inmanem exercitum . . . classium : " He had com- 
mand over an army of seven thousand cavalry and eleven legions, 
. . . and over a fleet of five hundred sail ; " Mommsen. 

2. sua et . . . fortuna: his usual activity and good fortune. — 
Sed . . . obsidentibus : cf. Caes. B. C. 3. 47, Ipse {Caesar) 
autem consumptis omnibus longe lateque frumentis summis erat in 
angustiis. See Leighton's Rome, p. 330 ; and Caes. B. C. 3. 48, 49. 

3. Balbus Cornelius: for the order, see on Vetere Antistio, 
43.4. "There were two men bearing the name L. Cornelius 
Balbus, each surnamed Gaditanus, and each enjoying the rights 
of Roman citizenship. One was called Maior, and the other, the 
nephew of the former, Minor. It is not strange that modern writ- 
ers have confused the two, since Velleius himself has not clearly 
distinguished between them ; " Ruhnken. The younger Balbus was 
governor of Africa, and won a triumph by his victory over the 
Garamantes, 19 b.c. He is said to have been the first one who 
was not a Roman citizen by birth to receive triumphal honors. 
He aided Augustus in his plans for beautifying the city by building 
the theatre of Balbus. — quanti : genitive of indefinite value. — illis 
incrementis : sc. dignitatis. — ex . . . consularis : this is true of 
the elder Balbus, but true of the younger only on the condition that 
consularis means simply the governor of a province. This may 
be its force (see Harpers' Lat. Lex. s.v. II. B.). ex privato would 
then mean that he had been neither praetor nor consul. As ob- 
served by Ruhnken, Velleius has not made it perfectly clear to 
which Balbus he refers. — Variatum . . . proeliis: Afterward* 
they fought with varying success. — uno : the battle of Dyrrachium, 
48 b.c. — longe: see note on 45. 5. — Pompeianis prospero: 



88 NOTES. 

cf. Caes. B. 0. 3, 72. His rebus tantum fiduciae ac spiritus Pompe- 
ianis aecessit, ut nan de ratione belli cogitarent, sed vicisse iam 
ntur. 

52. Pompey follows Caesar into Thessaly. Battle of Pharsalus, 
in which Caesar is victorious. 

1. fatalem: equivalent to fato destinatam. 

2. hercules: the more common form of the vocative is hercule, 
sometimes shortened to hercle. — fuit : the indicative perfect 
where we should expect the subjunctive pluperfect. The indica- 
tive emphasizes the fact that it would have been advantageous for 
Pompey if he had crossed over into Italy. — dignatione : for 
dignitate. — impetu suo: In following Caesar, Pompey acted in 
accordance with his own judgment, in fighting with him at Pharsa- 
lus, in accordance with the judgment of others. 

3. Pharsalicam : Pharsalus was a city in Thessaly, now Fersala. 
The region about it was called Pharsalia. — diem : August 9, 
48 b.c. — conlisa inter se . . . capita effossumque . . . lumen: 
forcible figures. Of the first, Ruhnken says : metaplwra ducta ab 
ctnimalibus, quae mutuo concursu capita collidunt. With effossum 
lumen, cf. Verg. Aen. III. 663, Luminis effossi fluidum lavit inde 
cruorem. — tot . . . caesos viros : Pompey lost fifteen thousand : 
Caesar, only two hundred men ; Mommsen. 

4. antiquius : more important. — dimitteret : see Critical 
Appendix. 

5. Brutum : M. Junius Brutus, one of the conspirators. Cf . 56. 
3; 70; 72. 1, 2. 

6. neminem : equivalent to nullum. — desideravit: did not lose. 
— sed munus . . . daret : observe the emphatic order. 

53. Pompey' s flight to Egypt, and death. 

1. duobus Lentulis: L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus, on whom see 
49. 1 ; and P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, consul 57 b.c. — Sex- 
toque : cf . 73, 77, 79. — Iubam : Juba succeeded his father, 
Hiempsal, as king of Numidia, about 50 b.c. Cf. 54. 2 ; see also 
on Petreius, 48. 1. — Aegyptum: Egypt became a Roman prov- 
ince, 30 b.c Cf. Tac. H. I. 11, Aegyptum copiasque, quibus coer- 
ceretur, iam inde a divo Augusto, equites Bomani obtinent loco 
regurn. — pro po suit : determined. — beneficiorum : This Ptol- 
emy, father of Cleopatra, was surnamed Auletes, the flute-player. 



BOOK II. CHAP. 51, 52, 53, 51 89 

Driven from his kingdom by the Alexandrians, he fled to Pompey, 
by whom he was commended to the protection of the Senate. Gabi- 
nius restored him to the throne. — Ptolemaei : Ptolemy XIII.. 
brother and husband of the famous Cleopatra. — Alexandriae : 
Alexander founded eighteen cities of this name during his conquest 
of the Bast The one here referred to was the most important. It 
situated near the mouth of the Nile, and was founded 332 b.c. 
Under the Ptolemies, it became the capital of Egypt. 

2. in adversis : sc. rebus ; see Introduction, II., Adjectives. For 
a similar sentiment, cf. Caes. B.C. 3. 104, ut pUrumque in calami- 

s inimici existunt. — quando fortuna . . . fidem: 
cf. Hor. Od. III. 29. 49-02. 

Fortuna, saevo laeta negotio et 
Ludum insolentem ludere pertinax, 
Transmutat incertos honores, 
Nunc mini, nunc alii benigna. 

— Mytilenis : the chief city of Lesbos. The whole island is now 
named from the city, Metelino. — Theodoti et Achillae : Theodo- 
tns was the instructor of Ptolemy ; Achillas, the commander of the 
army. — iugulatus est: cf. Caes. B. C. 3. 104. 

3. totidem triumphos : 1. for victories in Africa over Hiarbas, 
celebrated in March, 79 b.c ; 2. in December 71. in honor of the 
successful termination of the war against Spartacus ; 3. in 61, for 
victories over Mithridates and for conquests in the East. — dees- 
set: sc. ei. — ad sepulturam: cf. Val. Max. 5. 1. 10, In suo mode 
terrarum orbe nusquam sepuUurae locum habuit. 

4. C. Atilio et Q. Servilio : consuls 106 b.c, the year in which 
Pompey was born. 

54. Alexandrine and African wars. 

1. Non fuit . . . fides: observe the emphatic order. — Quippe 
cum : cum. causal, is often emphasized by quippe. See A. ft G. 
note 1; G. 587, Rem. — insidiis ac . . . bello : cf. Suet. 
Caes. 34. cum Pto> < quo sibi quoque insidias tendi 

it. helium sane difficillimum gessit. — meritas . . . suppli- 
ers: they paid the penalty due to each of the great comma 
leath. 
•i. quod ciebat rex . . . Scipio : cf. Suet. Caes. 35. Dehinc 
Scipionem ac Inborn reliquias partium in A fovtntu d> 



90 NOTES. 

— Scipio : Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio, the adopted son of 
Metellus Pius. He was the colleague of Pompey in the latter's 
third consulship, 52 b.c, holding the office, however, only from 
August to January, as Pompey was consul alone during the first 
part of the year. He was governor of Syria, 49 b.c. Caesar (B. C. 
3. 31, 32) speaks of his rule in terms of very severe condemnation. 
He commanded the centre of Pompey' s side at Pharsalus. He fled 
to Africa and took his own life after the defeat of Thapsus. 

3. lectus . . . socer : Pompey had married Cornelia, widow of 
Crassus, and daughter of Q. Metellus Scipio and Lepida. — M. 
Cato : i.e. Uticensis. — locorumque inopia : it was impossible to 
get a proper supply of food for the soldiers and beasts of burden, 
while on the march. — honoratiori : i.e. Scipio, who was an ex- 
consul. Cato was only an ex-praetor. 

55. Caesar victorious in Africa and afterwards in Spain. 

1. transcursu : post- Augustan, cf . 86. 1 ; 99. 4. See Harpers' 
Lat. Lex. s.v. II. — fortunam suam : cf. 51. 2, sua . . . fortuna. 

— occiso C. Curione : see on 48. 3. — varia fortuna : Caesar was 
repulsed by Labienus at Ruspina. — mox pugnavit sua : at the 
great battle of Thapsus, 46 b.c See Leighton's Rome, p. 334. 

2. dissimilis : with the force of alia, non alius quam is doubt- 
ful in Cicero, but is found in Nepos, Livy, Pliny, and Juvenal. — 
victus . . . Pharnaces : Bex Ponti. Caesar eum adgressus, uno 
proelio obtrivit. Hinc ilia tria verba vulgatissima : ' veni, vidi, 
vici;^ Delphin. — Cn. Pompeius, Magni films: Gnaeus was the 
older, Sextus the younger, of Pompey' s two sons. 

3. initum proelium: the battle of Munda, 45 b.c. Caesar is 
reported to have said: " On other occasions I have fought for vic- 
tory, here I fought for life." See Liddell's Rome, p. 693. — Marte : 
the result of the conflict. — equo : note the omission of the prepo- 
sition ex. descendere is also found with the simple ablative in the 
poets and in Sallust, Livy, and Valerius Maximus ; elsewhere with 
the prepositions, ex, de, ab. Velleius shows the growing tendency 
to omit the preposition with the ablative of separation, after both 
simple and compound verbs ; cf. vestigio recessurum, below ; and 
spectaculo pelleretur, 79. 6. Cicero, Off. 3. 4, has ab officio rece- 
demus. — denuntiaret . . . se non recessurum : cf . Suet. Caes. 
36, in Hispania ultimo proelio cum desperatis rebus etiam de con- 



BOOK II. CHAP. 54, 55, 56. 91 

8Ci8cenda nece cogitavit. — viderent: the subjunctive in the oratio 
obliqua after denuntiaret. In the oratio recta the imperative would 
be used. 

4. Labienum : Caesar's lieutenant in Gaul. Cf. Caes. B. G. 1. 
21, Titum Labienum,) legatum pro praetore. — Varum: P. Attius 
Varus, a partisan of Pompey, was killed at the battle of Munda. 
He is mentioned by Caesar in B. C. 1. 12, 13, 31 ; 2. 23-44. 

56. Caesar's return to Rome ; his clemency ; his fivefold triumph. 
Conspiracy of Brutus and Cassius, and death of Caesar. 

1. quod . . . fidem: the antecedent of quod is the clause, om- 
nibus . . . ignovit. — excedat : subjunctive of characteristic. — 
naumachiae: a Greek word meaning proelium navale. Cf. 79. 1, 
navalibus certaminibus. — epuli : epulum = convivium publicum ; 
epulae = convivium privatum. — replevit : equivalent to recreavit 
or refecit. For a similar use of replere, cf. 100. 2 ; 103. 1. — earn : 
refers to urbem. 

2. Quinque egit triumphos: cf. Suet. Caes. 37, Confectis 
bellis quinquiens triumphavit, post devictum Scipionem quater 
eodem mense, sed interiectis diebus, et rursus semel post superatos 
Pompei liberos . . . diverso quemque apparatu et instrumento. — 
Gallici ... ex citro: apparatus includes the images (imagines'), 
statues (simulacra) and the frames (fercula) on which they were 
borne in the triumphal procession. The ornaments were made of 
different materials in each triumph. — manubiis: manubiae is the 
regular term for money obtained by the quaestor from the sale of 
booty. The proceeds were shared equally by the commander, the 
soldiers, and the treasury. — amplius: see on plus in § 3, below. 
— sexiens . . . sestertium: about $30,000,000. Velleius has 
probably put the amount too low rather than too high. For an 
account of Caesar's triumphs, see Suet. Caes. 37-39 ; Leighton's 
Rome, pp. 336, 340. 

3. clementer: cf. 55. 2, dementia. — plus: like amplius above, 
it modifies the number, but does not affect the construction. See 
A. & G. 247, c ; G. 311, 4 ; H. 417, 1, note 2. — quinque mensium : 
Cicero, in a letter to Atticus, 10. 8, written in May, 50 B.C., thus 
speaks of the probable duration of Caesar's ascendancy : iam tutel- 
ages id regnum vix semestre esse posse. — principalis : see on prin- 
cipalium, 50. 3. — contra . . . Cassium : for variety, instead of 



92 NOTES. 

simply aUerum, — omnium: "all the conspirators. " — eius: i.e. 
Caesar. — D. Bruto : D. Junius Brutus served under Caesar in 
Gaul, commanded his fleet at Massilia, and afterwards received 
the proconsulship of Gaul. He was consul designatus (58. 1) at 
this time. It was he who overcame Caesar's reluctance and in- 
duced him to attend the meeting of the senate on the fatal Ides of 
March. For the chief events in his life subsequent to this time, 
see 58 and 60-G4. — C. Trebonio: Trebonius, like D. Brutus, had 
served under Caesar in Gaul and at Massilia. He was consul, 45 
b.c. For his death, see 69. 1. — aliisque . . . viris : cf. Suet. 
Caes. 80, Conspiration est in eum a sexaginta amplius. — M. An- 
tonius : the triumvir. — audendis : used substantively ; see on 
praesentibus, 75. 2. — consulatus : = in consulatu. — Lupercali- 
bus : the festival of Lycean Pan, celebrated in February. — re- 
pulsum erat : the account given by Suetonius is strikingly similar 
(Caes. 79), et Lupercalibus pro rostris a consule Antonio admo- 
tum saepius capiti suo diadema reppulerit atque in Capitolium Iovi 
Optimo Maximo miserit. 
57. Warnings to Caesar of impending danger. 

1. Pansae atque Hirtii: C. Vibius Pansa and Aulus Hirtius 
were colleagues in the consulship, 43 b.c After Caesar's death 
they joined the senate against Antony. See 61. 3, 4 ; 62. 4. — dum 
. . . expectat : for the present with dum, see A. & G. 276, e ; G. 
220, Rem. ; H. 467, III, 4. — plurima ei . . . periculi: cf. Suet. 
Caes. 81, Sed Caesari futura caedes evidentibus prodigiis denuntiata 
est. For an enumeration of the portents, see Suet. Caes. 81, and 
Shak. Jul. Caes. II. 2. 

2. Calpurnia territa : 

11 Calphurnia here, my wife, stays me at home : 
She dreamt to-night she saw my statua, 
Which, like a fountain with a hundred spouts, 
Did run pure blood ; and many lusty Romans 
Came smiling, and did bathe their hands in it; 
And these does she apply for warnings, and portents, 
And evils imminent; and on her knee 
Hath begg'd that I will stay at home to-day." 

Shak. Jul. Caes. II. 2. 

— et libelli : 

"If thou read this, O Caesar, thou mayst live; 
If not, the fates with traitors do contrive." 



BOOK II. CHAP. 56, 57, 58, 59. 9§ 

3. ineluctabilis fatorum vis: cf. Verg. Aen. II. :)24. tnelucta- 
bile temp us ; id. VIII. 834, ineluctabUe fatunu — cuiuscumque 
. . . corrumpit: cf. 118. 4. 

58, Antony gives a pledge of safety to the conspirators, who 
had fled to the capitol. 

1. Quo anno: 44 b.c. — id . . . facinus: cf. Suet. Caes. 82, 
utque animadvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti, toga caput 
obvolvit, simul sinistra manu sinum ad Una crura dediwit, quo 
honestius caderet etiam inferior 'e corporis parte velata. Atque ita 
tribus et viginti plagis confossus est, . . . Exanimis, diffugienti- 
bus cunctis, aliquamdiu iacuit, donee lecticae impositum, dependente 
bracchio, tres servoli domum rettulerunt. 

2. Brutus: i.e. M. 

3. Dolabella: P. Cornelius, Cicero's son-in-law, fought for 
Caesar at Fharsalus and later in Africa. See. 60. 4, 5 ; 69. 1, 2, 
for other events in his life. — quem . . . sibi : because Caesar 
was on the point of setting out for the East to engage in war with 
the Parthians. — liberos suos: plural for singular, fllium suum. 

4. Et illud . . . exemplum: cf. Cic. Phil. I. 1, ieci funda- 
menta pads, Atheniensiumqiie renovavi vetus exemplum, Graecum 
etiam verbum usurpavi, quo turn in sedandis discordiis erat usa 
civitas ilia; atque omnem memoriam discordiarum oblivione sem- 
piterna delendam censui. Cicero proposed a general amnesty, 
*/jLi>r)<TTia. The Athenians had furnished an example of this when 
the Thirty Tyrants were overthrown, and democracy was restored 
under Thrasybulus. See Grote, Hist. Greece, III. ch. 66. 

59. Octavius adopted by Caesar in his will ; he goes to Rome. 
1. C. Octavium: afterwards the emperor Augustus. — adop- 

tabat: originally, adoption could only be effected by a vote of 
the people, populi auctoritate, in the comitia curiata. Under the 
emperors it was accomplished by imperial rescript, ex rescripto 
principis. Adoption by testament was not in all respects equiva- 
lent to adoption by vote of the people, or by permission of the 
emperor. It could give the person so adopted the name and the 
property of the testator, but nothing more. Accord ing to legal 
requirements, the name of Octavius now became C. Julius Caesar 
Octavianus. He caused his adoption to be ratified by the curiae. 
Velleius uses different names to designate Octavius, sometimes 



94 NOTES. 

calling him Caesar, sometimes C. Caesar. To avoid confusion, the 
name Octavius will be used in the notes preceding ch. 91, from that 
point Augustus. 

2. C. Octavius: the father of Augustus. — ut . . . ita: while 
. . . yet. — speciosa familia : a brilliant family ; speciosa is post- 
Ciceronian in this sense. — Hie praetor . . . primo loco : among 
most illustrious candidates for the praetorship he was chosen first. 
The number of praetors varied at different periods in Eoman 
history. See on 89. 3. — dignatio : for dignitas. — Iulia : ablative. 
— Atiam : cf . Suet. Aug. 4, Atia M. Atio Balbo et Iulia, sorore 
C. Caesaris, genita est. — Macedonian! : made a Roman prov- 
ince, 146. b.c. — imperator: a title given a commander after an 
important victory. Cf. Caes. B. C. 3. 71, Pompeius eo proelio 
imperator est appellatus. 

3. maior . . . avunculus := magnus avunculus. See Harpers' 
Lat. Lex. s.v. I. B. 3. — Philippum: L. Marcius Philippus, step- 
father of Augustus ; consul, 56 b.c. — militiae: limits comitem. 

4. Apolloniam : in Illyricum ; now Polighero. — belli . . . 
Getici : the Getae were a Thracian tribe on the Danube, bordering 
on the Dacians. Suetonius speaks of an expedition against the 
Dacians, but not against the Getae ; cf . Aug. 8, Caesare post recep- 
tas Hispanias expeditionem in Dacos et inde in Parthos destinante. 

5. Cui ut est nuntiatum: for a fuller account, see Merivale, 
III. pp. 55, 56. — avunculi: loosely used for avunculi magni. — 
Salvidienus : cf . 76. 4. — Agrippa : a fellow-student of Octavius 
at Apollonia, afterwards his faithful friend and assistant. For his 
character and his many services to Augustus, see 79. 1 ; 84. 3 ; 
85. 2 ; 88. 2, et passim. 

6. et cum intraret . . . conspectus est: cf. Suet. Aug. 95, 
Post necem Caesaris reverso ab Apollonia et ingrediente eo urbem, 
repente liquido ac puro sereno circulus ad speciem caelestis arcus 
orbem solis ambiit. "The appearance of a radiant effulgence 
about the sun on the morning of his entry into the city was readily 
embraced as a fortunate omen : it interpreted to men their own 
hopes and inclinations, and colored their anticipations with the 
hues of the rainbow." Merivale, III. p. 59. 

60. Octavius assumes Caesar's name. Violation of Caesar's 
will by Antony. 



BOOK II. CHAT. 59, 80, 6L 95 

1. Non placebat: cf. Suet. Aug. 8, dubitante matre^ vUrico 

Mareio Philippo constUari multum d te. — adiri 

nomen: This is said of one who has been adopted by will and 
who takes the name of the person by whom he has been adopted. 

— adserebant: claimed, equivalent to retinebant ribique vindica- 
bant. — conditorem : in apposition with eum understood, refer- 
ring to Octavius. — nominis : nation. 

2. humilia : humilis from humus, and humanus from homo, have 
the same root, hum. Cf. Grk. x a ^ a 'h Goth, guma, Eng. -groom in 
bridegroom (A. S. brydguma), all from ^/gham, earth. The con- 
trast between caelestis and summa on the one hand, and humana 
and humilia on the other, is more striking when we observe the 
root meaning of humus. — avunculo : see on avunculi, 59. 5. — et 
Caesari : by the use of et Velleius implies that Octavius thought 
of Caesar, first, as his relative, then as a great man, "the mighty 
Caesar." — dictitans: a favorite word; cf. 57. 1; 83.2; and see 
Introduction, II., Verbs. 

3. superbe excepit : for an account of the interview between 
Antony and Octavius, which occurred about the middle of May, 
in Rome, in the gardens of Pompey, see Merivale, III. p. 62. — 
These gardens were outside of the city proper, on the Pincian hill. 

— velut . . . petitus: Suetonius says, Aug. 10, that he actually 
plotted against Antony, percussores ei subomavit. — eius vanitas: 
Antony's deception. 

4. Aperte . . . furor: note the emphatic arrangement. — Ses- 
tertium septiens miliens : about 8 35,000,000. — ad aedem Opis : 
= ad templum Opis. In such expressions aedem or templum is 
often omitted ; cf. Cicero's use of ad Opis. cited below ; also Hor. 
Sat. I. 9. 35, ad Vestae. Ops is the same as Cybele or Rhea, 
daughter of Caelus and Vesta, and sister and wife of Saturn. 

— occupatum ab Antonio: cf. Cic. Phil. II. 37, Ubi est septiens 
miliens, quod est in tabulis, quae sunt ad Opis ? — actonim . . . 
commentarii : see Critical Appendix. The following may be 
taken as the sense of the passage : " The authority of the records 
was destroyed by inaccurate and false entries.' ' 

61. Activity of Octavius (now called C. Caesar). Defeat of 
Antony at Mutina, and death of the consuls. Hirtius and Pansa. 
Antony abandons Italy. 



96 NOTES. 

1. undevicesimum . . . ingressus: he had almost completed 

his nineteenth year. 

2. Calatia . . . Casilino : towns in Campania ; now Gdlazze and 
Capua. Casilinum was near the ancient Capua. — veteranos . . . 
paternos : they had been dismissed from service, paternos because 
Octavius was now the adopted son of Julius Caesar. — brevi : sc. 
tempore. — legio Martia et quarta : for legiones Martia et quarta. 
In such expressions Velleius always 'puts an appellative in the sin- 
gular. Cicero always uses the plural of proper names, but either 
the singular or the plural of appellatives. For the usage of differ- 
ent authors, see Draeger, I. § 1. — tanti . . . indole : Ruhnken 
suggested tanta. — ad Caesarem se contulerunt : the legions were 
angry because Antony had not avenged Caesar's death ; and at 
the same time Octavius' agents offered them liberal rewards if 
they would join his forces. 

3. hodieque: = hodie quoque ; see Introduction, II., Adverbs. 
— scriptura : meaning inscriptione. It does not appear to have 
been used in this sense by any other writer. For scriptura, style, 
see 52. 3. — pro praetcre: cf. Cic. Phil. V. 16, Demus igitur im- 
perium Caesari, sine quo res militaris administrari, teneri exercitus, 
helium geri non potest. Sit pro praetore eo iure, quo qui optimo. 

4. Mutinam : a city in Cisalpine Gaul ; now Modena. — admi- 
nistratum est : the consuls, Hirtius and Pansa, were in reality the 
leaders in the campaign against Antony. — mortem obiit : Sueto- 
nius (Aug. 11) refers to the rumor that Octavius caused both con- 
suls to be poisoned by the surgeon who dressed their wounds. 
Merivale (III. p. 121, Note) thinks it possible that this was a slander, 
started by Antony. Certainly the charge against Octavius has not 
been substantiated by proof. 

62 • Renewed hope of the Pompeian party. Provinces and 
honors decreed to Brutus and Cassius. Octavius treated with 
contempt by the senate. 

1. Omnia . . . honorifice: thanksgiving to the gods, commen- 
dation of the commanders and soldiers. Cicero urged that the 
thanksgiving be extended to fifty days, and that Hirtius, Pansa, 
and Octavius be saluted as imperatores. — erupit voluntas : their 
real desire manifested itself. 

2. provinciae : Macedonia to Brutus ; Syria to Cassius. — qui- 



BOOK II. CHAP. 61, 62, G3. 97 

cum que . . . tra di dissent : the subjunctive " of cases frequently 
occurring/ ' belongs to Livy, Nepos, and the later historians. See 
Roby, II. p. 312 ; A. & G. 316, a, 2 ; G. 569, Rem. 2 ; H. 618, 1. 
For a full discussion of the subject and a list of examples, see 
Draeger, II. pp. 596 and 733. 

3. nunc . . . nunc : used for modo . . . modo. See Introduc- 
tion, II., Adverbs. — profecti . . . Italia: note the omission of the 
preposition. This usage is more common in the poets and late 
prose writers. Cf. Caes. B. G. 1. 7, ab urbe proficisci. — deporta- 
bantur : this compound of porto is used with special reference to 
bringing anything from the provinces to Rome. 

4. alieno beneficio : " bitter sarcasm ; " Ruhnken. — public a : 
at the expense of the state. 

5. Caesaris . . . mentio : Caesar was so completely ignored. 
Cf. 65. 1, iacta mentio. The Ciceronian formula is mentionem 
facere. — cum : concessive. 

6. illud : well known, famous, — laudandum et tollendum : cf. 
Suet. Aug. 12. — cum aliud diceret . . . vellet : for a similar 
expression, Ruhnken cites Sail. Cat. 10, aliud clausum in pectore, 
aliud in lingua promptum habere. He was to be publicly praised, 
but secretly put to death, tollere is a vox ambigua meaning both 
"to exalt" and "to remove" i.e. "to kill." 

63. Antony crosses the Alps ; declared an enemy of the state ; 
receives the armies of Lepidus, Plancus, and Asinius Pollio. 

1. conloquia: carried on by messengers, internuntii, between 
the two commanders. — M. Lepido: M. Aemilius Lepidus, consul 
with Caesar, 46 b.c, and master of the horse while Caesar was 
dictator. He was afterwards associated with Antony and Octavius 
in the second triumvirate. For his deeds and character, see 64, 66, 
67, 80. — furto: for furtim. After the death of Caesar, Lepidus 
was made pontif ex maximus by the aid of Antony. — decreta . . . 
Hispania : the province had been assigned to him by Caesar. — 
cum et . . . Antonius: cf. 69. 3, cum et Brutus . . . postfe- 
rendus. — dum erat sobrius: on Antony's drunkenness, see Cic. 
Phil. II. 63, and 67, domus erat . . . plena ebriorum : totos dies po- 
tabatur ; also ibid. 77, Cum hora diei decima fere ad Saxa rubra 
venisset, delituit in quadam cauponula atque ibi se occultans perpo- 
tavit ad vesper am. — per . . . castrorum: cf. Verg. Aen. II. 725, 



98 NOTES. 

opaca locorum. This use of a neuter plural adjective or participle 
with the genitive is very rare in Cicero and Caesar. It is more 
common from the time of Livy. — qui : equivalent to sed is. — 
titulo . . . cedebat : Lepidus was the nominal, Antony the actual 
commander. — cum : concessive. 

2. Sub : immediately after. — Iuventius Laterensis : a lieu- 
tenant under Plancus, by whom he was employed to communicate 
with Lepidus. — inritus consilii: so Tac. H. IV. 32, inritus lega- 
tionis. This use of the genitive with inritus is later than the time 
of Livy. 

3. Plancus : L. Munatius Plancus, a pupil of Cicero in oratory ; 
consul with Lepidus, 42 b.c. In politics he was a " trimmer," 
siding with D. Brutus, Lepidus, Antony, Octavius, according as 
self-interest dictated. For the character of this morbo proditor, see 
83. Cf. Hor. Od. I. 7. — sua: his usual. Cf. sua, 51. 2. — diffi- 
cile : adverb, for difficiliter, difficulter. This use of difficile dates 
from the time .of Velleius. For examples of the three forms, see 
Neue, II. p. 658. — consentiens : with sibi, literally, agreeing with 
himself, i.e. deciding. — Asinius Pollio : eminent as statesman, 
orator, poet, and historian ; consul 40 b.c. He won a triumph 
in Dalmatia, established the first public library at Borne and was 
a patron of Vergil and Horace. Cf. Verg. E. 4 ; Hor. Od. II. 1. 14. 
— proposito : propositi has been suggested. — uterque . . . tra- 
didere : note the synesis, uterque with a plural verb ; cf . 95. 2, 
uterque adgressi. 

64. D. Brutus put to death by order of Antony. Orations of 
Cicero against Antony. Lepidus declared a public enemy. 

1. Cameli: a Gallic chieftain. — iugulatus est: for an account 
of the death of D. Brutus, see Merivale, III. p. 135. — iustissimas: 
Velleius writes as an imperialist. 

2. primus: see Critical Appendix. Cf. Suet. Caes. 83, nomina- 
vit Decimum Brutum etiam in secundis heredibus. — quae . . . 
Caesare : the province of Cisalpine Gaul. 

3. actionibus: Orationes Philippicae in 31. Antonium, XIV; 
so named from their similarity to the famous orations of Demos- 
thenes against Philip of Macedon. Aulus Gellius, XIII. 1, calls 
them Orationes Antonianae. The first was delivered in the senate, 
September 2, 44 b.c. The second was not delivered, but was pub- 



BO(»K 11. CHAP. 63, <:4, 65. 99 

Lished after Antony's departure from Rome. It purported to be a 

reply to the tierce invective called forth from Antony by the first 
Critics have called it Cicero's masterpiece. The others were de- 
livered between December, 44, and the following April ; some in 
the senate, others before the people. u They cost the orator his 
life." — aeternas . . . notas: cf. Cic. Phil. XIII. 19, Quen 
inustum wrissimis nialedictorum notis tradam hominum memoriae 
sempitemae. — sed ... at: note the difference in force between 
the two adversatives. at emphasizes the opposition. See A. & G. 
150, b ; G. 487, 490 ; H. 554, III, 2. — Cannutius: tribune of the 
people, 44 b.c. 

4. Utrique . . . stetit: the defense of liberty cost each his life. 

65. Triumvirate of Octavius, Lepidus, and Antony. Consul- 
ship of Octavius. Wonderful fortune of Yentidius. 

1. iacta mentio: sc. est. See on habila mentio, 62. 5. — et 
subinde : equivalent to etiam crebro. This use of et is mostly 
post-Ciceronian. For subinde in its more common meaning, im- 
mediately after, cf. 96. 2. — emersissent fastigium : sc. honoris. 
11 How high in honor the party of Pompey had already risen." — 
eius : for sui. For examples of the demonstrative thus used for the 
reflexive, see A. & G. 196, i ; G. 521, 7 ; H. 449, 1, 3. — diceretque 
. . . debere: and he said that Octavius was under more obliga- 
tion to avenge the death of his father than icas he (Antony) to 
avenge the death of his friend. 

2. inita . . . societas : " The conjunction of Octavius with his 
mortal foe was a political necessity." Merivale, III. p. 134. — 
privigna Antonii: Claudia, Fulviae ex P. Clodiojilia. On this 
betrothal, which was soon broken off, see Suet. Aug. 62. — pridie 
quam: see on 83. 3. — Q. Pedio: a cousin of Octavius ; praetor, 
48 .b.c. Cf. 69. 5. — septingentis et novem: Aldus reads 
DCCXI. See on 49. 1. — M. Vinici: see on 49. 1. 

3. Ventidium: Yentidius was brought captive to Rome while 
yet an infant. He fought under Caesar in Gaul, and after the 
latter's death supported Antony. He held the offices of tribune, 
praetor, and consul. In 39 B.C., Antony sent him against the 
Parthians, over whom he was the first Roman to celebrate a 
triumph. Cf. 78. 1. Tacitus, Ger. 37. speaks of Yentidius with 
contempt, because of his low origin. 



100 NOTES. 

66. The triumvirs renew the proscription of Sulla. Cicero put 
to death ; atrocity of the deed. 

1. uterque . . . erant: see on uterque, 63. 3. — ambo : in the 
dual. Cf, Grk. <J/x0a> ; Ger. beide ; Eng. both, ambo is used when 
the duality is assumed as known, duo when not already known ; 
ambo when the time is the same for the action or event to which 
the two relate, uterque when the time is not the same. — repug- 
nante Caesare: cf. Suet. Aug. 27. — Sullani exempli . . . pro- 
scriptio: cf. 28. 3, 4, "Sulla first (and would that he had been 
the last !) proscribed Roman citizens ; so that in a state in which 
an insult to an actor was promptly punished, pay was publicly 
promised for the murder of citizens ; and he received the most who 
killed the greatest number. As much was paid for the murder of 
a citizen as for the killing of an enemy. A man's property became 
the reward for his death. Sulla ordered that the possessions of 
the proscribed should be sold ; that their children should not be 
allowed to inherit their wealth, and should be prohibited from 
seeking public office. But most unreasonable of all, the sons of 
senators were obliged to bear the burdens of their rank while not 
allowed to enjoy its privileges." See also Class. Diet. s.v. Pro- 
scriptio. 

2. tam indignum : so disgraceful. — tempore : does not depend 
upon indignum. — Abscisaque . . . vox publica: Cicero was 
put to death near his Formian villa on the seventh of December, 
43 b.c, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. Popilius, the centurion 
who slew him, had once been defended by Cicero in a capital 
cause. 

3. animo ac pectore: mind and heart. — Nihil . . . necem: 
You have accomplished nothing by giving a reward for closing 
those divine lips and cutting off that most noble head, and by in- 
citing one, with the hope of pay for his murderous deed, to put to 
death a man, once so illustrious as consul and preserver of the 
state. 

4. Ciceroni : note the dative depending upon rapuisti, possibly 
for eripuisti. — miseriorem : = quae miserior fuisset. — mortem : 
we might expect mors fuit. See Roby, II. 1269. — adeo non: 
used from the time of Sallust with about the force of tantum abest 
ut; Georges. 



BOOK II. CHAP. C6, 07, G8. 101 

5. Vivit . . . memoriam: for .similar expressions, cf. Tac. 
Agr. 40, manei mansurumque est in animis hominum^ in aetemU 

tate temporum ; and Plin. Ep. II. 1. 11, Vivit enim vivetque semper 
atque etiam latius in memoria hominttm. — vel forte . . . pro- 
videntia : =vel casu . . . vel consilio. — ille . . . Romanorum : 
" He wrote for the great mass of intelligent men, men of the world, 
whom he wished to interest in the lofty problems of which philoso- 
phy treats. He, therefore, above all things, strove to make phi- 
losophy eloquent ; " Cruttwell. — in te scripta : the Philippics. 

67. Proscription of L. Caesar, the uncle of Antony; Paulus, 
the brother of Lepidus ; and Plotius, the brother of Plancus. 

1. adeo nemo : = nedum quisquam, or tanto magis nemo ; post- 
Augustan ; nedum quisquam followed by the subjunctive might have 
been used in the same sense. 

3. L. Caesarem : L. Julius, kinsman of C. Julius, and uncle of 
Antony. He had been consul. It is probable that he and Paulus 
escaped. See Merivale, III. p. 140, Note 1. 

4. iocos: in the plural, Cicero uses the neuter form. — germa- 
nis : equivalent to fratribus ; a play on the word. — consules : i.e. 
designate. 

68. Points before omitted. M. Caelius, having excited an in- 
surrection, is defeated at Thurii. Similar fate of Milo. Hostility 
of Epidius and Caesetius to Caesar. 

1. loco: to be taken with praeteritum. — neque . . . capit: 
11 Caelius is one whose deeds cannot be passed over in silence." 

— M. Caelius: M. Caelius Rufus, an orator of some note ; praetor, 
48 b.c. Cicero's oration, pro M. Caelio, was in his behalf. — inge- 
niose nequam: cf. 48. 3. — quippe . . . erat: cf. 91. 3, melior 
illi . . . mens foret. — res f amiliaris : property. 

2. novanim tabulanim: accounts, including receipts and ex- 
penditures, were kept on wax tablets, tabulae accepti et expensi. 
The destruction of these and the adoption of new tablets, novae 
tabulae, meant the abolition of debts, complete or partial. — Milone 
Annio: see on 45. 3. — primo summotus: he was suspended 
from office. — circa Thurios : at Thurii. circa here has the force 
of ad or apud. It is a less definite designation of place than in. 

— oppressus est: for an account of this u paltry insurrection" 
of Caelius and Milo, see Caes. B. C. 3. 20-2*2 ; Merivale, II. pp. 
200-203. 



102 NOTES. 

3. Compsam in Hirpinis : a town of the Hirpini in Samninm ; 
now Conza. — P. Clodio . . . dedit: cf. 47. 4. — inquies : for 
inquietus. Cf. 77. 2, animus inquies. — ultra . . . temerarius: for 
magis temerarius quam fortior. 

4. Quatenus : with the force of quoniam. — Marullum . . . 
Flavumque: L. Epidius Mamllus, L. Caesetius Flavus, tribunes, 
44 b.c. They imprisoned certain men who had saluted Caesar as 
king. For this they were removed from office. — paene . . . 
expertos : almost felt. 

5. excessit : equivalent to eminuit. — censoria . . . nota : see 
Harpers' Lat. Lex. s.v. nota, II. B. 2. — natura . . . excedendum : 
i. e. a dementia sua recedendum. — ei : demonstrative for reflex- 
ive ; cf . sibi and sua in the same sentence. 

69. Death of Dolabella in Asia. Brutus secures the legions of 
C. Antonius and Vatinius in Macedonia. Vatinius. Capture of 
Rhodes by Cassius. Lycians conquered by Brutus. 

1. Dolabella : see on 58. 3. — Trebonium : see on 56. 3. — suc- 
cedebat : Ruhnken suggested succensebat, he was angry. Lipsius 
retained succedebat and thus explained it : non a senatu, sed a se et 
scelere suo missus : nam provincia illi Syria erat, atque in earn 
ibat. — fraude deceptum . . . occiderat : Trebonius was hostile 
to Dolabella and prevented him from getting supplies and caused 
him great annoyance on his way to his province. " Dolabella 
resented this affront. He took measures, to throw the propraetor 
off his guard, scaled the walls of Smyrna in the night and caused 
him to be seized in his bed. When Trebonius begged to be con- 
ducted into the consul's presence, he received the taunting reply, 
that he might go where he pleased, but he must leave his head 
behind him ; " Merivale. — Zmyrnae : an important city of Ionia ; 
the modern Smyrna. — adversus : in might have been used. Cf. 
Cic. N. D. I. 33, ingratusin Democritum. 

2. Statio Murco : cf. 72. 4 ; 77. 3. — Crispo Marcio : Q. Mar- 
cius Crispus, in command of the Eastern frontier ; he united his 
forces with those of Cassius. — viris : superfluous. — legionibus : 
ablative absolute with acceptis. — Laodiciae: also written Lau- 
dicea, a city in Syria, on the Mediterranean, near Gabala ; now 
Latakieh. — ita : restrictive. — cervicem: in Cicero and Sallust 
always in the plural, but in Silver Latin the singular is the more 



BOOK II. CHAP. 68, 69, 70. 103 

common form. — in eo tractu : in thai region* tractus has here 
lost its primary signification, drawing. Cf. the Eng. u tract of 
laud." — sui iuris . predicate possessive genitive. Cf. iuris sui 
fecit, 108. 2. 

:). C. Antonio: brother of Mark Antony ; praetor, 44 b.< . lie 
was at first spared by Brutus, but it is said that he was afterwards 
sacrificed in retaliation for the death of either Decimufl Brutal 
Cicero. — Vatinio : P. Vatinius, a partisan of Caesar; rewarded 
by him with the consulship, 47 b.c. — circa : see on 68. 2. — Vati- 
ninm . . . obruerat: he had by his great reputation overawed 
Vatinius. 

4. animus . . . inclusus: cf. Cic. N. D. I. 27, domicilium 
mentis. 

5. Pedius: see on 65. 2. — damnatis: omitted by some critics 
because the case of the conspirators was a causa indicia. — Capito : 
Fonteius Capito, uncle of Velleius and friend of Antony. — Agrip- 
pae subscripsit: i.e adiutor Agrippae in accusando Cassia fuit; 
Krause. 

6. rem : in apposition with the clause, Cassius Bhodum ceperat. 

— Lycios: the Lycians, in Asia Minor. — exercitus: the object 
of traiecerant. — per omnia: used from the time of Livy in the 
sense of in omnibus, ornmno. — Cassius . . . vinceret: cf. 72. 2. 

— pronior: more favorable ; post-Augustan in this sense. — veluti 
. . . destituerit: "This on account of its singular elegance has 
been imitated by Lucan, II. 727, ' lassata triumphis Destituit for- 
tuna litis. 1 " Ruhnken. 

70. Battle of Philippi. Death of Brutus and Cassius. 

1 . Philippos : Philippi was a city in the eastern part of Mace- 
donia, not far from the borders of Thrace. The battle was fought 
in the year 42 b.c. "In the estimation of the Roman writers it 
was the most memorable conflict in their military annals. The 
numbers engaged on either side far exceeded all former experience. 
Eighty thousand legionaries alone were counted on the one side, and 
perhaps a hundred and twenty thousand on the other, at least three 
times as many as fought at Pharsalia." Merivale. For a full account 
of the battle, see id. III. pp. 162-170. Horace took part in this 
battle as military tribune under Brutus and Cassius. Cf. Hor. Od. 
II. 7. 9, Tecum Philippos et celerem fugam 8ensi. — infirmissimus 



104 NOTES. 

valetudine : of. Suet. Aug. 13, quamquam invalidus atque aeger. 

— Artorio: Artorius was Octayius 1 physician. He perished by 
drowning, shortly after the battle of Actium. — quietis : = somnii, 
a dream, a vision. — territo : to be taken with Artorio. 

2. evocatum : this applies to a veteran soldier recalled to arms 
because of some great and sudden danger. — in vicino : the neuter 
adjective used substantively with in. The expression is equivalent 
in force to an adverb. Cf. in incerto, 97. 2 ; ex insperato, 112. 6. 

— facies : nominative plural ; very rare. — denotari : equivalent 
to cognosci. — lacerna . . . circumdedit : the usual custom for 
those about to die a violent death. See Hor. Sat. II. 3. 37, cum 
vellem mittere operto Me capite in flumen; also Suet. Caes. 82. 
(Cited on 58. 1.) 

5. emicat: i.e. salit, beats. — in vulnus : by motonymy for in 
gladium. 

71. Messalla saved by Octavius. Great number of eminent men 
slain in this war. 

1. Corvinus Messalla : M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus, emi- 
nent as commander, orator, poet, and patron of literary men ; 
the friend of Horace, Tibullus, and Ovid. He first sided with 
Brutus and Cassius, then with Antony, and finally with Octavius, 
with whom he was consul, 31 b.c. Cf. 84. 1. Horace praises him, 
Od. III. 21. 9. — fulgentissimus : most illustrious, -r-hominis . . . 
pii : before the battle of Philippi his name had been placed on the 
list of the proscribed, but was soon erased, because he was not in 
Rome at the time of Caesar's murder. In the naval war with 
Sextus Pompey, Octavius, after defeat and shipwreck at Tauro- 
menium, 36 b.c, found shelter in the camp of Messalla, by whom 
he was treated, with the utmost respect. 

2. Catonis . . . cecidit: Marcus, the son of Uticensis, died 
"a soldier's death, falling upon a heap of slaughtered enemies." 

— Lucullum: son of L. Licinius Lucullus, on whom see 48. 6. 

— Hortensium : son of Q. Hortensius, the orator. See 48. 6. — 
Varro : otherwise unknown. 

3. Drusus Livius : L. Livius Drusus Claudianus, adopted into 
the Livian gens from the Claudian. He was the father of Li via 
Drusilla, who was called, after the death of Augustus, her second 
husband, Julia Augusta. — Varus Quintilius : father of the Varus 



BOOK II. CHAP. 70, 71, 72, 105 

who was defeat t'«l and slain by the Germans, '.> a.d. — insignibus 
. . . velasset : cf. Liv. 5. 41, concerning the Roman senators when 
the city was taken by Brennus, ut in fortunae pristinae hono- 
rumque aut virtutis insignibus m nrentur. 

72. Comparison of Brutus and Cassias. Flight of Cn. Domitius. 
Statins Mnrcns attacks Sex. Pompey in Sicily. 

1. diem, quae: see on earn diem, 42. 2. — illi: dative, depend- 
ing upon abstulit. See A. & G. 229; H. 380, 2. — facti: the 

- —ination of Caesar. 

2. melior: sc. tanto, correlative to q uanto. — malles: potential 
subjunctive. The imperfect for the pluperfect, ''one would have 
preferred." — intermit: the indicative to emphasize the fact, and 
so to compliment Octavius. The compliment is a just one. 

3. Cn. Domitius: Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, a supporter of 
Brutus and Cassius. After the battle of Philippi he was pardoned 
by the triumvirs and made consul, 32 b.c. Cf. 76. 2 ; 84. 2. — 
simplicitatis : =probitatis, priscae morum integritatis. — huius 
Cn. Domitii : father of the emperor Xero. 

4. Sex. Pompeium: see on Cn. Pompeius, 55. 2. — Siciliam: 
Sicily became a Roman province, 241 b.c. 

5. e Brutianis castris : from the camp of Brutus ; referring to 
the soldiers of Brutus and Cassius who survived the battle of 
Philippi and who still remained loyal to the Republic. — nullum 
. . . statum: "no political rights." The proscribed lost their 
rights as citizens. — statio : only a stopping place (sto) , and not the 
end of the voyage ; a safe place for anchoring, in distinction from 
a well-constructed harbor, portus. — pro portu: the ablative with 
pro in place of the predicate dative, dative of service. See Roby, 
II. 1159. Cf. Caes. B, G. 6. 27 (cited by Roby), His sunt arbores 
pro cuhilibus. 

73. Character of Sex. Pompey. 

1. studiis rudis : i.e. ignarus litterarum. The ablative after mdis 
without in is rare. — cogitatione celer: "quick in forming 
plans." — Cf. 118. 2, sensu celer. — fide . . . dissimillimus : of 
the elder Pompey, Velleius w T rote, paene omnium vitiorum >, 
(see on 44. 1). 

2. in paterna . . . restituerat: Sextos asked the senate for 
a restitution of his father's property. He received instead a 
large sum of money from the public treasury. 



106 NOTES. 

3. magnum . . . legionum: literally, a great measure of 
legions, i.e. a number of legions, each of which had its full com- 
plement of men. — Menam et Menecraten : Menas and Menecra- 
tes ; cf. 77. 3. The former is called Menodorus by Merivale. He 
twice deserted Pompey for Octavius. See Merivale, III. p. 194. — 
infestato mari : ablative absolute. — depuderet : de is intensive, 

— valde. This is the only example of depuderet followed by the 
accusative ; Georges. 

74. Octavius enters Italy. Insurrections of L. Antonius and 
Fulvia. L. Antonius captured by Octavius at Perusia. 

1. obiturus: in the sense of peragraiurus. — substitit: sc. 
apud Philippos, or in Graecia. — longe: see on 45. 5. — sperave- 
rat: had expected. 

2. L. Antonius : brother of Mark Antony, and consul, 41 b.c. 

— agros amiserant : among those who lost their lands by confis- 
cation at this time were Yergil, Horace, and Propertius. — con- 
ciens: for concitans. The latter is employed by Caesar and 
Cicero. 

3. Antonii : sc. M. — Fulvia : formerly the wife of Clodius. 
When Cicero's head was brought to Antony, Fulvia is said to have 
pierced the tongue with a golden bodkin. She attempted to con- 
trol affairs in Rome while Antony was carrying on war against 
Brutus and Cassius. Allowed to escape from Italy (76. 2), she 
fled to Greece, and finally died at Sicyon of grief and disappoint- 
ment. — muliebre . . . corpus: on this use of the adjective, see 
on principalium, 50 3. — miscebat -. — turbabat. — Praeneste : an 
old and famous city of Latium ; now Palestrina. — Perusiam : 
a city of Etruria ; now Perugia. — Plancus : see on 63. 3. 

4. Perusiam expugnavit : cf. Suet. Aug. 14, ad deditionem 
fame compulit ; and Luc. 1.41. — in Perusinos . . . ducis: this 
does not agree with the statement of Suetonius. Cf. Suet. Aug. 15, 
Perusia capta in plurimos animadvertit, or are veniam vel excusare 
se conantibus una voce occurrens, ' moriendum esse." 1 But Appian 
agrees with Velleius. See Merivale, III. pp. 180, 181. — Macedo- 
nicus : his real name was Cestius. He had assumed this surname 
because he had served as a soldier in Macedonia. — penatibus: 
by metonymy for aedibus. — igni: ablative absolute with subiecto. 

— gladio : join with transfixum. 



BOOK II. CHAP. 73, 74, 75, 76. 107 

75. Tib. Claudius Nero excites war in Campania ; flees with his 
wife, Livia. Family and fortune of Livia. 

1. Campania: a fertile province of Italy, bounded on the north 
and east by Latium and Samnium and on the west by the sea. — 
professus . . . patrocinium : " under the pretence of defending 
those who had lost their lands; 11 i.e. he offered himself as their 
patronus. — Ti. Claudius Nero: known principally as the hus- 
band of Livia and the father of the emperor Tiberius. Cf. 77. 3 ; 
79.2. — Ti. Caesaris: the emperor Tiberius. — doctissimique : 
see Critical Appendix. — id quoque . . . est: Kuhnken saw r in this 
an imitation of Cic. Manil. 11, quod helium. . . . eius . . . adveatu 
sublatum ac sepultum. 

2. Quis . . . queat: oratorical. — praesentibus . . . expectatis: 
datives. The dative of neuter adjectives and participles used 
substantively is rare, especially in Cicero. Cf . audendis, 56. 4 ; 
consultis, 79. 1; gloriosis, 110.3; speciosis, 113.2. See Draeger, 
I. p. 51. 

3. Drusi Claudiani: see on Drusus Livius, 71. 3. — eminentis- 
sima : for clarissi ma. — postea . . . Augusti: see on 71. 3; also 
cf. 79. 2 ; 94. 1. — quam transgressi . . . filiam : i; and who after 
the death and deification of Augustus became his daughter and 
priestess. 11 She was made his daughter by adoption according to 
the terms of his will. Cf. Suet. Aug. 101, quos (Tiberium et 
Liviam) et ferre nomen suum iussit. — sacerdotem : probably to 
be explained by reference to Tac. Ann. I. 10, (Augustus) se per 
.flamines et sacerdotes coli vellet. — futuri sui Caesaris: Scriner 
suggests mariti after Caesaris to correspond with Jiliwn below. 
He thinks that it might have fallen out before arraa. (Doct. Diss., 
Utrecht, 1879.) See Critical Appendix. — bimum : two years old. 
For derivation, see Lat. Lex. — nunc Tiberium: the emperor. — 
Caesaris filium: Octavius 1 son by adoption. — avia itinerum: cf. 
aversa castrorum. 63. 1. — uno comitante : i.e. with one attendant. 

76. C. Velleius, grandfather of the historian. Fulvia and Plan- 
cus escape unharmed from Italy. Asinius Pollio joins Antony. 
Antony makes peace with Octavius near Brundusium. Ambition 
of Rufus Salvidienus. 

1. alieno : toastranger. — Cn. Pompeio: sc. Magnus. Pompey 
chose these judges in his third consulship, 52 b.c. — Ti. Neronis : 



108 NOTES. 

Ti. Claudius Nero. Cf. 75. 1. — praefectus fabrum: superintend- 
ent of the military engines. — nulli secundus: the dative after 
secundus, instead of the accusative with ad, or the ablative with 
aft, belongs mostly to poetry and Late Latin. — Neapoli: a city 
in Campania, now Napoli (Naples). — gravis iam aetate: cf. 
Hor. Sat. I. 1. 4, gravis annis Miles. 

2. excedere Italia : observe the omission of the preposition ex. 

— circa Altinum : see on circa Thurios, 68. 2. Altinum was a 
city in Venetia, northeast of Patavium ; now Altino. — Antonium 
petens : marching against Antony. — vagum adhuc : " still unde- 
cided what party to join." — inlectum: from illicio, for in-lacio ; 
"won over, prevailed upon." — fide: like consiliis, to be taken 
with inlectum. 

3. quisquis . . . sciat : let every fair-minded person Jcnow. — 
habuit belli metum : caused a fear of ivar. — pax . . . com- 
posita : Vergil's famous Fourth Eclogue was written in honor of 
this peace. See Merivale, III. pp. 182-184. — circa : see on 68. 2. 

4. Rufi Salvidieni: Q. Salvidienus Eufus, a former friend 
(59. 5) and lieutenant of Octavius. Cf. Suet. Aug. 66, alterum 
(Salvidienum) res novas molientem damnandum senatui tradidit. 

— parum habebat : did not deem it enough. — consul . . . esse : 
a Greek construction. See A. & G. 272, b; G. 527, Rem. 3; H. 
536, 2. — infra . . . videret: infra se aliquem videre is equivalent 
to aliquem despicere, to look down upon,. to despise. 

77. Peace made with Sex. Pompey. Statius Murcus killed by 
Pompey. 

1. expostulante . . . populi : = querente universo populo. — 
urebat: for urgebat, or premeb at. — Misenum: a promontory of 
Campania, near Cumae ; now Miseno. Cf . Verg. Aen. VI. 234. — 
in carinis suis : a play on the word carinae, ships, and Carinae, 
the name of a district in Rome between the Caelian and Esquiline 
hills ; now &. Pietro in Vincoli. Pompey the Great had his home 
in this aristocratic quarter. — domus . . . possidebatur : " Antony 
professedly purchased Pompey' s house, but ultimately refused to 
pay the purchase money ; " Peskett's Cic. Phil. II. 62, Note. 

2. placuit : it was decided. — Achaiamque : Greece was made 
a Roman province, under the name of Achaia, 146 b.c. — inquies: 
for inquietus. Cf . 68. 3. — attulit : sc. Sex. Pompeius. — quod . . . 



BOOK II. CHAT. 76, 77. 1 109 

pactus est: this clause La in apposition with Id unum $alutare. 
For this use of quod clauses, see A. & G. 338, nol 26; II. 

540, IV, note. 

•'). M. Silanum: M. Julius Silanus, a lieutenant of Caesar in 
Gaul; a partisan of Lepidus; then of Antony; and. finally, the 
colleague of Octavius in the consulship, 26 b.c. — Sentiumque 
Saturninum : C. Sentius Saturninus. Cf. 92. 1 ; 105. 1,2; 109. 6. 

— Arruntium : L. Arruntius. Cf. 85. 2 ; 86. 2. — Titium : M. Titins. 
Cf. 79. 5 ; 83. 2. 

78. Antony marries Octavia, sister of Octavius. Sex. Pompey 
returns to Sicily. Antony goes to the East. Death of Labienus 
and Pacorus. Octavius carries on war in Illyricum and Dalmatia. 
Severity of Domitius Calvinus in Spain. 

1. Octaviam: Octavia, illustrious for beauty and high charac- 
ter, had been formerly married to Marcellus. Her union with 
Antony was for a political purpose, to join more closely the two 
leaders. — molimentis : exertions, efforts. Proposed by Ruhnken 
in place of momentis, A P. — Labienus: Quintus, son of Caesar's 
lieutenant, Titus Labienus. — profectus ad Parthos: cf. Flor. 
IV. 9, invitante Labieno, qui missus a Cassio Brutoque — qui furor 
scelerum! — sollicitaverat hostes in auxilium. — legato Antonii: 
L. Decidius Saxa. Cf. Flor. IV. 9, Saxa legatus ne veniret in po- 
testatem gladio impetravit. — qui: i.e. Labienus. — Ventidii: see 
on65.3. Cf. Tac. Germ. 37. — Pacoro: Pacorus was the oldest 
son of Orodes, king of the Parthians. He was defeated and slain 
by Ventidius, 38 b.c 

2. in Illyrico Delmatiaque : see on eo hello, 96. 3. — patientia 
. . . experientia : chiasmus. 

3. Eadem tempestate : for eodem tempore. — Calvinus Domi- 
tius: Cn. Domitius Calvinus. consul, 40 b.c — ex consulatu : 
after his consulship. — comparandique : see on explicandas, 46. 1. 

— primi . . . centurionem : the first centurion of the first maniple 
of the first cohort, — the chief centurion of the legion. He ranked 
next to the tribune, and had much to do with the general command 
of the legion. — fusti percussit : this punishment was called 
fustuarium, and was inflicted on Roman soldiers for desertion. 
4 'When a soldier was condemned, the tribune touched him slightly 
with a stick, upon which all the soldiers of the legion fell upon him 



110 NOTES. 

with sticks and stones, and generally killed him upon the spot." 
Smith's Diet Antiq. 

79. Octavius engages in war with Sex. Pompey. Agrippa 
placed in command. Octavius' fleet injured by a storm at Velia ; 
defeated at Tauromenium. Pompey defeated ; flees to Asia ; killed 
by order of Antony. 

1. classe: cf. classi, § 2. classe is the more common form of 
the ablative. See Neue, I. p. 213. — molem belli : for the same 
form of expression, cf. Liv. 21. 41. — militi ac remigi: used as 
collective nouns. In this sense remex is poetic and post-Augustan. 
— adsuescendo : = adsuefaciendo. — M. Agrippa : see on 59. 5. — 
sed uni: i.e. Octavius. — dilationes: see on vires, 44. 2. — con- 
sultisque . . . coniungens : an imitation of Sail. Cat. 1.6, Nam 
et priiis quam incipias consulto et ubi consulueris mature facto opus 
est ; Ruhnken. Gf. deer etis facta iungit, 118. 3. With this use of 
consultis, cf. 75. 2, praesentibus. 

2. Averno ac Lucrino : lakes in Campania, near the cities of 
Cumae and Baiae. At the former was the fabled entrance to the 
lower world ; cf. Yerg. Aen. VI. 126. The latter was noted for its 
oysters ; cf. Hor. Epod. 2. 49. These lakes were connected with 
the sea by a canal. — lacu: for the singular, see on legio, 61. 2. — 
despondente ei Nerone : cf . Suet. Aug. 62 ; Tac. Ann. I. 10. — 
auspicatis: favorable. 

3. longe : see on 45. 5. — Veliam : a -town on the coast of Lu- 
cania. — Palinuri promontorium : south of Velia. For the origin 
of its name, see Verg. Aen. VI. 381. Now Palinuro. — vis Africi : 
a strong southwest wind. Cf . Verg. Aen. I. 85, creberque procellis 
Africus. — dubia : for varia. — ancipiti : in the sense of periculosa. 
See Harpers' Lat. Lex. s.v. II. C. 

4. Mylas : Mylae was a city in the northeastern part of Sicily ; 
now Melazzo. At Mylae the Romans under Duilius, 260 b.c, gained 
their first naval victory over the Carthaginians. — Pompeianae : 
see Critical Appendix. — Tauromenium : in the eastern part of 
Sicily ; now Taormina. It was after this battle that Octavius was 
received by Messalla. See on 71. 1. — Cornificio : Cornificius 
was placed in command of the small land force, while Octavius 
himself was on board of one of the vessels of the fleet. As a reward 
for the ability and courage shown, he was given the consulship in 



BOOK II. CHAP. 78, 79, 80. Ill 

the following year. "He retained through life the singular and 
perhaps inconvenient privilege, when he supped abroad, of riding 
home by torchlight on the back of an elephant;" Merivale, III. 
p. 200. 

5. explicatis: "That is, drawn up in order and made ready 
for action;" Delphin. — quippe : see on 42. 3. — iugulatus est: 
for an account of the final overthrow of Sex. Pompey, see Merivale, 
III. pp. 203-205. 

6. cui: i.e. Titius. Dative of reference. — theatro Pompei: 
see on 48. 2. 

80, Lepidus' arrogant manner toward Octavius. Octavius' bold 
visit to the camp of Lepidus. 

1. ex Africa . . . Lepidum: in the division of the Roman 
world after the battle of Philippi, Africa fell to the lot of Lepidus. 
After the peace of Brundusium, 40 b.c, in the rearrangement of 
the provinces, Africa was still left under the control of Lepidus, 
although Octavius and Antony then regarded him as of very little 
importance. Merivale. — ipsius: sc. Lepidi. 

2. inutilis . . . comes : an appositive with the force of a con- 
cessive clause. — Caesari: the dative, depending upon dissidendo. 
— interpretaretur auderetque : see Critical Appendix. — exce- 
deret : sc. ut. 

3. ab Scipionibus: Velleius may refer to the bold deed of 
Africanus after the battle of Cannae (Liv. 22. 53), or to his visit 
to King Syphax, 206 b.c, to form an alliance with the Nnmidian 
king against the Carthaginians. Cf. Liv. 28. 17. See Liddell, 
p. 356. — veteribus . . . ducum : a Greek construction. — ausum : 
used passively. — lacernatus : i.e. lacerna amictns. The lacerna was 
a cloak worn over the toga. — telis : added by Orelli. — aquilam : 
each legion had its own standard, an eagle, aquila, of the size of a 
dove, generally of silver, though under the empire sometimes of 
gold. It was represented with uplifted wings. Each cohort had 
also its own special standard, signum ; Ilarkness. 

4. Scires: see on malles, 72. 2. — quam : ellipsis of post. — 
a fortuna: fortuna is personified, hence the preposition. — pul- 
loque . . . amiculo : wrapped in a dark cloak. — Vita . . . dig- 
nitas: almost Tacitean in brevity and spirit, Cf. Snet Aug. 16, 
spoliavU (Lepidum) ezercitu svpplicemque concessa vita Circeios 
in perpetuum retegavit. 



112 NOTES. 

81. Octavius quells a disturbance in the army. Addition to the 
Campanian colony. Agrippa presented with a naval crown. Mu- 
nificence of Octavius after his return to Rome. 

1. qui . . . desciscit: for it often happens that soldiers observ- 
ing their own great numbers, revolt from discipline, desciscit is the 
indefinite present, denoting a general truth or custom. 

2. speciosum : to be taken with supplement -urn. — coloniae: 
see Critical Appendix. — pro his . . . redditi: In return for these, 
much larger revenues in Crete, amounting to 1,200,000 sesterces 
(about §60,000), were given. Lands in Crete, yielding a larger 
income, were given in exchange for those in Campania which were 
taken for the veterans. — Creta : now Candia ; made a Roman 
province, 67 b.c. — aqua : i.e. an aqueduct. 

3. coronae classicae : classicae for navalis, or rostratae. Cf . 
Verg. Aen. VIII. 684, cui {Agrippae) tempora navali fulgent ro- 
strata corona. The navalis and the rostrata were probably the 
same. Vergil, as above, uses both epithets in speaking of Agrippa's 
crown. Cf. Gell. V. 6. 18, Navalis est qua donari solet, maritimo 
proelio qui primus in hostium navem vi armatus transiluit ; ea quasi 
navium rostris insignata est. See Guhl & Koner, p. 585 ; Smith's 
Diet. Antiq. s.v. corona. — publicis . . . professus est: the place 
had been struck by lightning, and hence, desiderari a deo haruspices 
pronuntiarant, Suet. Aug. 29. — templumque Apollinis : erected 
28 b.c. Cf. Hor. Od. I. 31 ; Prop. III. 23. See Burn, Rome and 
the Campagna, p. 175 : " The stone used in this temple, which was 
built with great magnificence, was the marble of Luna (Carrara), 
and it was surrounded, like the temples of the imperial Fora, and 
the temple of Venus and Rome, with a cloister. A statue of Apollo 
stood in it, between those of Latona and Diana ; and it contained 
also statues of Augustus and of the Muses ; on the summit was a 
group representing the Sun-god in his chariot." The temple con- 
tained a collection of gems and a bronze lamp-stand in the form of 
a tree. It was the repository of the Sibylline Books. — circa: an 
adverb. 

82. Antony's campaigns in the East. Antony calls himself 
Liber Pater. He determines to make war against Rome. 

1. tarn: see on tarn dissimilis, 45. 1. — mitis, saeviit: see 
Critical Appendix. — tredecim : the correct number is probably 
sedecim. 



BOOK II. CHAP. 81, 82, 83. 113 

2. impediments : the impedimenta included the general bag- 
gage of the army, and consisted of tents and various supplies. 
They were carried by beasts of burden, iumenta, of which each 
legion had over five hundred. The soldiers carried their own per- 
sonal baggage, consisting of clothing, rations, and various utensils, 
in packs called sarcinae. These were fastened to poles which 
were carried over the shoulder. — tormentisque : hurling engines. 
They consisted of catapults for shooting arrows and ballistae for 
hurling stones. — cum . . . mutasset : a causal clause. — stati- 
onem : outpost. — praedixit: warned. 

3. servitii : slaves. — ulla: sc. purs. — tertia aestate: 34 b.c. 

— Artavasden : Artavasdes was the son and successor of Tigranes. 
He began to reign about 70 b.c. — fraude deceptum : he was 
invited to a conference with Antony and then held as a prisoner. 
After the battle of Actium, Artavasdes was put to death by order 
of Cleopatra. — aureis vinxit: cf. Curt. V. 12. 20, Ne tamen honos 
regi non haberetur, aureis compedibus Barium vinciunt. 

4. Cleopatram: Cleopatra, the famous queen of Egypt, was 
the daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and was born 69 b.c. She was 
placed upon the throne, 48 b.c, by the aid of Julius Caesar, to 
whom she bore a son, Caesarion. After the battle of Philippi she 
was summoned before Antony, at Tarsus, to explain her course in 
reference to the civil war. By her beauty and wealth she com- 
pletely captivated the Roman general, and from that time he 
remained a willing slave. Cf. 85, 87. — facultatibus : wealth. — 
Liberum Patrem : the old Italian divinity, Liber, was identified 
with the Grecian god Bacchus. — velatus : equivalent to omatus. 

— thyrsum : a staff encircled by ivy and vine shoots ; the emblem 
of Bacchus. — succinctus : see Critical Appendix. 

83. Plancus and Titius leave Antony and join Octavius. 

1. Plancus: see on 63. 3. — non iudicio recta legendi: not 
in the belief that he was choosing the right. — cum: concessive. 

— librarius : secretary. 

2. in omnia . . . venalis: by money he could be induced to do 
all things for all men. — caeruleatus : <x7ra£ Xeyofxevov ; for caeruleo 
colore obductU8. — caput: accusative of specification. This con- 
struction is common in the poets, chiefly of parts of the body ; 
cf. also Tac. Germ. 17, nudae bracchia ac lacertos. See Roby, II. 



114 NOTES. 

1102. — Glaucum saltasset: "He imitated Glaucus in dancing." 
Cf. Hor. Sat. I. 5. 03, Pastorem saltaret ; Verg. Aen. I. 328, nee 
vox hominem sonat. A kind of cognate accusative ; poetic and in 
post- Augustan prose ; see A. & G. 238, a; G. 331 ; H. 371, II, note. 
Glaucus was a fisherman changed into a sea-god. — refrigeratus : 
i.e.frigide exceptus. — manifestarum : the adjective agrees with the 
gen. rapinarum, instead of agreeing with the governing noun, 
indicia, to which it logically belongs ; on account of the clear proofs 
of his dishonesty. For a similar use of the adjective, cf. 91. 3, 
omni ' 120. 3, vacillantium ; also Tac. Agr. 4, per omnem Xonesta- 
rum artium cultum. — pro sua virtute : as a proof of his own 
merit. — nunc avunculum : meaning hunc, suum avunculum, a 
reading suggested by Halm, but not incorporated in his text. 

3. P. Silii: P. Silius Nerva, Octavius' lieutenant in Spain; 
consul, 20 b.c. Cf. 90. 4. — pridie quam: "takes the same 
mood as priusquam;" K. 520, II, note 2. Cf. 65. 2; also Liv. 
38. 8. 

84, 85. The battle of Actium. 

1. Messalla Corvino: see on 71. 1. — debellatum: equivalent 
to helium finitum est. The war was declared against Egypt. This 
cast upon Antony the odium of fighting against Rome in behalf of 
a foreign foe. The ceremony of declaring war was performed by 
Octavius in the garb of a Eetial herald, according to the ancient 
custom; Merivale. — Actium: a promontory on the coast of 
Epirus ; now La Punta. — exploratissima : certain. — in hac 
. . . illinc: for a like series, cf. Cic. Cat. II. 11. — marcebant: 
not in Caesar or Cicero. — adfectissimi : tiiraZ \ey6fievov. 

2. Amyntas: king of Galatia and Lycaonia. — Dellius: Q. 
Dellius, one of Antony's lieutenants. He was notorious for his 
fickleness in politics. Horace addressed Od. IX. 3 to him, Aequam 
memento . . . moriture Belli. — exempli sui tenax : clinging to 
his usual custom. — ad Cassium . . . transiit : the lacuna was 
filled by Ruhnken in accordance with the historical facts. — 
nomine salutavit: cf. Suet. Vesp. 15, Helvidio Prisco, qui et 
reversum se ex Syria solus privato nomine Vespasianum saluta- 
verat. — Leucas: a promontory on the island of Leucadia; now 
Capo Ducato. — Patrae : a city on the coast of Achaia. — Corin- 
thus : a famous city of the Peloponnesus. Cf. I. 13. 1, Eodem 



BOOK II. CHAP. 83, 84, 85, 86. 115 

anno, quo Carthago com- id it, L. Mum mi us Corinthum post annos 
nongentos quinquaginta duos, quam ab Alete Hippotis filio erat 
condita, fundi tits emit. In § 4 of the same chapter, Velleius thus 
relates the well-known anecdote concerning the art treasures 
by Mummius from Corinth to Rome: Mummius tarn rudisfuit, ut 
capta Corintho rum maximorum artilicum perfect us manibus tabu- 
las ac statuas in Italiam portandas locaret, iuberet praedici condu- 
centibus, si eas perdidissent, novas eos reddituros. 

85. 1. maximi discriminis dies: discriminis in the sense of 
certaminis. The battle of Actium took place, September 2, 31 b.c. 
" This date has been formally recorded by historians as signalizing 
the termination of the republic and the commencement of the 
Roman monarchy;" Merivale, III. p. 257. — in: final. 

2. navium Iulianarum : so called because Octavius was the heir 
and representative, and consequently the avenger, of Julius Caesar. 
— Agrippae . . . arbitrium: Plutarch says that Octavius com- 
manded on the right and Agrippa on the left. — classici : = 
navalis. — Publicolae Sosioque :. according to Plutarch, Publicola 
with Antony commanded on the right, and Coelius, not Sosius, on 
the left. — Taurus : T. Statilius Taurus. Cf. 127. 1. — Canidius : 
cf. 87. 3. 

4. detracto capite : their commander, Antony, had fled. — in 
mortem dimicabatur : i.e. ne inulti morerentur. — cum quo : 
against whom. This form is used, instead of quocum, to give more 
emphasis to cum. 

5. fuitque in . . . officio: And undoubtedly the soldiers per- 
formed the part of a most excellent commander, and the commander 
the part of a most cowardly soldier. Note the zeugma. The phrase 
in confesso is equivalent to an adverb. 

6. eius: i.e. Cleopatra. — Idem: the neuter accusative. It 
refers to aegre summissis . . . victoriam, above. 

86. Octavius' clemency after his victory. Memorable deed of 
Asinius Pollio. 

1. ex quo . . . publica: The republic passed from an oli- 
garchy, which is the rule of a few, to a monarchy, or the rule of 
one man. For the disasters to Rome, and the changes in the sub- 
sequent course of history that might have been occasioned by the 
defeat of Octavius and the success of Antony at Actium, see Meri- 
vale, III. pp. 2~>4, 2oo. — transcursu: see on oij. 1. 



116 NOTES. 

2. qui . . . sustinerent: who could not bear to plead, even for 
themselves, — modum: added by Rhenanus. — prisca gravitate: 
14 old-time integrity." — fides . . . incolumem: Sosius was saved 
by the devotion of Arruntius and the mercy of Octavius. — de- 
mentia : in the ablative. — eluctatus : governs odium and agrees 
with Caesar. 

3. Non praetereatur : non is rarely used with the hortatory 
subjunctive. Velleius has non fraudetur gloria, 12. 6 ; but cf. 92. 

1, factum ne fraudetur memoria. — Asinii Pollionis : see on 63. 3. 
— Brundusinam pacem: cf. 76. 3, pax circa Brundushim com- 
posita. — neque . . . umquam : = et numquam. The negation be- 
longs to miscuisset as well as to vidisset. — enervatum : a perfect 
participle, agreeing with a)iimum, in place of a verbal noun in 
English. — amoreeius: sc. Cleopatrae ; objective genitive. — parti- 
bus eius: Antony's party. — maiora: too great. — notiora: too 
well known. — discrimini : cf . 85. 1. For this use of the dative, 
see Introduction, II., Dative. 

87. Octavius goes to Alexandria and completes the civil war. 
Death of Antony and Cleopatra. Excursus on the clemency of 
Octavius. 

1. ultimam . . . manum : cf. the English colloquial expression 
"to put on the finishing touch." — Antonius . . . interemit: 
another example of that rashness, courage, or despair, call it what 
we will, that the best and the worst of the Romans, men like Cato 
and men like Antony, manifested in the face of hopeless defeat. — 
frustratis : the deponent frustrari is here used passively. Cf . 43. 

2, frustratum esse visum suum ; and 21. 2, frustrates spe. — as- 
pide morsu eius : the exact method of Cleopatra's death has never 
been determined. It was reported at the time that her death was 
caused by the bite of a serpent, but the truth of the report cannot 
be established, neither can its falsity be clearly shown. The story 
has gained currency in many ways. Cf. Prop. III. 11. 53, 

Bracchia spectavi sacris admorsa colubris, 
Et trahere occultum membra soporis iter. 

This couplet refers to the image of the queen borne in Octavius' 
triumph in Home. — spiritum reddidit: Cleopatra died in her 
fortieth year, the last of the royal race of the Ptolemies, who had 
ruled over Egypt for 294 years. She was undoubtedly a woman of 



BOOK II. CHAP. 86, 87, 88. 117 

great ability, ami will always be considered one of the most strik- 
ing ami remarkable characters in human history. 

2. quod . . . interemptus est: the correctness of this state- 
ment has been called in question. The allusions to Canidius and 

is, below, would seem to conflict with it. It is also held that 
Antyllus, who was the son of Antony and Fulvia, Caesarion. and 
Ovinius were put to death by order of Octavius. — D. Brutum: 
cf. 64. 1. — Sextum Pompeium : cf. 79. 5. 

3. Canidius . . . decessit : the manner of his death is not 
clearly indicated. See note on § 2, above. — professioni : this is 
taken by some to mean " declaration," or " promise," but on 
account of the clause, qua . . . erat, it is better to refer it to his 
occupation. Canidius was " a soldier by profession." — Parmen- 
sis Cassius : Cassius of Parma was a poet of some talent. He 
was a military tribune under Brutus and Cassius. After the defeat 
at Philippi, he retired to Athens, where he was put to death. — 
Trebonius primus: primus was added by Aldus, but placed by 
him before Trebonius, after it by Halm. Cf. 56. 3. 

88. M. Lepidus, son of the triumvir, having formed a plot to 
kill Octavius, was put to death by Maecenas. Suicide of Servilia, 
wife of Lepidus. 

1. Alexandrinoque : Octavius followed Antony and Cleopatra to 
Alexandria, where Antony made a feeble attempt at resistance. — 
M. Lepidus . . . inierat: cf. Suet. Aug. 19. — melior: for eximior 
or praestantior. — simul: equivalent to simul atque. Used with 
the subjunctive revertisset, though temporal clauses with this par- 
ticle usually take the indicative. The subjunctive expresses the 
thought of the conspirators. 

2. C. Maecenas : Maecenas was of Etruscan descent, a man of 
great wealth and refinement. He was a friend and adviser of 
Augustus, a writer of some ability, and a patron of the most 
eminent literary men of his day. Horace abounds in allusions to 
him ; cf. Sat. T. 1, Qui jit, Maecenas; Od. II. 17. 2, Nee dis amieum 
est . . . teprivs Obire, Maecenas. — splendido . . . natus: cf. 
Ilor. Od. I. 1. Maecenas, atavis edite regibus. — ubi . . . exigeret: 
iterative subjunctive, common in Livy and Tacitus. See Roby, 
II. p. 312, where this example is cited. Cf. quicumque . . . tradi- 
disstt, 02. 2. — simul . . . posset: simul is here used in place of 



118 NOTES. 

ubi, but whenever, and hence the subjunctive posset, like exigeret 
above. — otio ac fluens: cf. Cic. Lael. 15, deliciis diffluentes. — 
ultra feminam : this expression is equivalent to magis quam fe- 
mina ; ultra in reference to a person is used figuratively. — Agrip- 
pa : ablative of comparison. — clavi . . . contentus : see Critical 
Appendix. For the meaning of angusti clavi, cf. Ov. Trist. IV. 10. 

35, 

Curia restabat; clavi mensura coacta est. 
Maius erat nostris viribus illud onus. 

The sons of senators and equites were sometimes given tlie special 
privilege of wearing the latus clavus from the time they assumed 
the toga virilis until they reached the senatorial age ; then, if they 
did not wish to continue in the regular course of public honors, 
they assumed the angustus clavus, the sign of equestrian rank. — 
nee : = et non ; non modifies minora. 

3. male consultorum : for this use of the adverb, cf. Cic. Cat. 
M. 19. 69, recte factis ; and see A. & G. 207, c ; G. 438, 1 ; H. 548, 
note 2. — praedictae: sc. Calpumiae. Cf. 26. 3, Non perdat no- 
bilissimi facti gloriam Calpumia, Bestiae filia, uxor Antistii, quae 
iugulato, ut praediximus, viro gladio se ipsa transfixit. Antistius 
was put to death as a partisan of Sulla. — vivo .*. . devorato: by 
sicallovsing live coals. — immortalem : emphasized by its proximity 
to praematura morte, with which it is contrasted. 

89. Joy at Octavius' return to Italy. - He refuses the dictatorship. 

1. reversus in Italiam: 29 b.c. — quo occursu:. the senate 
decreed that when Octavius reached Rome, the people, the sena- 
tors, and the Vestals should meet him and conduct him into the 
city. — aetatium : see on civitatium, 42. 2. — triumphorum eius : 
cf. Suet. Aug. 22, Curulis triumphos tris egit, Delmaticum, Actia- 
cum, Alexandrinum, continuo triduo omnes. He dedicated at this 
time the Julian Basilica, the ruins of which are now visible in the 
Forum. — munerum: i.e. spectaculorum. The game of Troy was 
reproduced. Cf . Suet. Aug. 43 ; Verg. Aen. V. 545-603. In the 
sports of the amphitheatre the rhinoceros and hippopotamus were 
exhibited for the first time in Rome. — iusti : see on iustis, 48. 5. 

2. deinde : Ruhnken suggested denique. 

3. Finita . . . civilia : the civil war between Pompey and Caesar 
began, 49 B.C. — armorum furor : see on facem, 48. 3. — tantum- 



BOOK II. CHAP. 88, 89, 90. 119 

modo . . . duo : only two. The office of praetor was established, 
3t5(> B.C. It was at first " a kind of third consulship." In the year 
24(>, two praetors were appointed. The number was increased by 
Sulla to eight and raised by Julius Caesar ultimately to sixteen. 
Octo is probably used in reference to the number before Julius 
Caesar had made any changes. Octavius fixed the limit at twelve, 
but this number was increased after his time. Two, the praetor 
urbanus and the praetor peregrinus, chosen by lot from all the 
praetors, had iurisdictio in civil causes. The others presided in 
the quaestiones perpetuae for the trial of crimes, and in the time of 
the empire had charge of the public games. See on 59. 2 ; cf. Tac. 
Agr. 6 4 ; see Smith's Diet. Antiq. 

4. Prisca . . . revocata: Octavius' policy was one of peace. 
He wished to retain the forms and offices of the republic, while 
he held all the power in his own hands. Tac. Ann. I. 2, thus 
states his peaceful, but crafty plan : posito triumviri nomine con- 
sulem se ferens et ad tuendam plebem tribunicio iure contention 
ubi miHtem donis, populum annona, cunctos dulcedine otii pellexit, 
insurgere paulatim, munia senatus, magistratmun, legion in se 
trahere, nullo adversante. — cultus . . . possessio: cf. Hor. Od. 
IV. 15. — salubriter : equivalent to utiliter, commode. — Principes 
. . . sunt: cf. Suet. Aug. 29 ; Mon. Ancyr. IV., Duo et octoginta 
templa deum in urbe consul sextum ex decreto senatus refeci. Note 
the zeugma, functi with triumphis. 

6. pacatusque . . . orbis : cf . Flor. IV. 12 ; Suet. Aug. 22 ; 
Liv. 1. 19. — principatus: the principate of Octavius began in Jan- 
uary, 27 b.c. By the will of the senate and people and under con- 
stitutional forms he was made princeps, i.e. the actual and legal 
head of the state. 

90. Peace secured in Dalmatia, Alpine regions, and Spain. 

1. coalescentibus : cf. Liv. 1. 8, coalescere in populi unius 
corpus. — etiam coaluere : see Critical Appendix. — quae, etc. : 
the sentence is equivalent to etiam pacatae sunt provinciae tarn diu 
bellis laceratae ; Halm. — certain confessionem : in 39. 3, Velleius 
has, certam Hispanis parendi confessionem extorserat. — ipsius : 
i.e. Octavius. 

2. initio : used adverbially. — Scipione . . . consulibus : con- 
suls, 218 b.c — abhinc annos : a favorite construction : cf. I. 6. 2 \ 



120 NOTES. 

12. 6 ; 14. 3 ; 15. 2 ; II. 2. 2 ; 4. 5 ; 10. 1 ; 12. 1 ; 100. 2 ; et passim. 

— quinquaginta et ducentos : this number either involves a slight 
error or is used loosely as a round number. Strictly it was but 248 
years. — multo . . . sanguine: Ruhnken praises this, and com- 
pares it with Liv. 2. 64, pugnatum utrimque plurimo sanguine. 

3. Viriatho : a Lusitanian shepherd. He led a revolt against 
the Romans, 150 b.c. He was finally put to death by some of his 
own men, who had been bribed by the consul Caepio. — Numan- 
tini belli: cf. 1. 3, Sed inter empto Viriatho fraude magis quam 
virtute Servilii Caepionis Numantinum gravius exarsit. This war 
lasted from 143 to 133 b.c. — Q. Pompei: consul, 141 b.c. He 
was the first Pompeius to arrive at the dignity of the consulship. 

— Mancini: C. Hostilius Mancinus, consul, 137 b.c — dediti 
imperatoris: sc. Mancini. Cf. 1. 5, per fetialis nudus ac post 
tergum religatis manibus dederetur hostibus. Quern Mi recipere 
se negaverunt, . . . dicentes publicam violationem fidei non debere 
unius lux sanguine. — ilia : sc. regio. — Sertorium : Sertorius was 
a member of the Marian party, and carried on war in Spain from 
79 to 72 b.c He won over the natives to his side, and defeated 
several armies sent against him by the Roman government. Pom- 
pey brought the war to a successful termination, but not until 
Sertorius had been assassinated by Perperna, one of his subordi- 
nates, who hoped to succeed him in command. — quinquennium : 
the war lasted eight years. See above, on Sertorium. — alteri: 
we would expect utri, to correspond to uter. 

4. earn: with the force of talem. — P. Silio: see on 83. 3. — 
postea: attributive to ceteris; see on mox, 46. 4. 

91. Roman ^standards regained from the Parthians by Augustus 
(by which name Octavius is now known; see on 59). Death of 
the conspirators, Murena and Caepio, and Egnatius Rufus. 

1. signa . . . remissa sunt: the standards were returned to 
Augustus, 20 b.c. Cf. Suet. Aug. 21 ; Flor. IV. 12. 63. Some of 
the coins struck in honor of this event, with figures of the stan- 
dards and the legend signis receptis, are still extant. — Orodes . . . 
Phraates : see on Orodes, 46. 4. — Quod cognomen : this name 
was given to Octavius in January, 27 b.c. He had wisely refrained 
from asking for or accepting the title of dictator or rex. Quirinus 
and Bomulus had been suggested as appropriate, but he rejected 



BOOK II. CHAP. 90, 91, 92. 121 

each on grounds of prudence. Cf. Suet. Aug. 7 ; Flor. IV. 12. 66, 
Tractatum etiam in senatu, an quia condidisset imperium Hamulus 
vocaretur ; sed sanctius et renerentius visum est nomen August i ; 
also ()v. Fast. I. 609. — sententia: ablative; on the motion of 
Plancus. 

2. L. Murena et Fannius Caepio: men of some eminence in 
Rome. In the year 23 b.c. they formed plans for killing Augustus. 
They were condemned in their absence, and, it is supposed, privily 
put out of the way. 

3. Rufus Egnatius : M. Egnatius Rufus during the absence of 
Augustus, 19 b.c, created a disturbance in the state, while seeking 
the consulship. Cf. 92. 4. — per omnia: see on 69. 6. — extin- 
guendis . . . incendiis : Rome suffered severely from fires. Before 
the time of Augustus there was but little provision against them. 
Crassus is said to have acquired much property by buying build- 
ings that were on fire, and then extinguishing the flames by the aid 
of slaves, trained for the purpose. Augustus, 6 b.c, organized a 
police and fire department consisting of seven thousand men, under 
the command of a praefectus vigilum. The vigiles were distributed 
throughout the city to preserve order and guard against fire. See 
Lanciani's Ancient Rome, ch. VIII. — ei: sc. aedilitati. — conti- 
nuaret: = co ntinuo et sine intervallo iungeret. — omni: see on 
manifestarum, 83.2. — salvo . . . poterat: cf. 49. 3. 

4. ita se . . . habent, ut: cf. 118. 4, quippe ita se res habet, 
ut ; Cic. de Orat. III. 23, Bes quidem se . . . sic habet, ut. — pu- 
blica . . . conspici: Trita sententia, sed Velleiano acumine expo- 
lita ; Ruhnken. — abditusque carceri : see Critical Appendix. 
For the dative with abdo, see Harper's Lat. Lex. s.v. II. (e). — 
mortem obiit : he met death. Cf. Plaut. Aul. Prol. 15, Ubi is obiit 
mortem. 

92, Remarkable severity of the consul, Sentius Saturninus. 

1. C. Sentii Saturnini : consul, 19 b.c, — part of the year 
alone, because Augustus was unwilling to hold the office while 
absent in Asia. — circa ea tempora : this use of circa is very com- 
mon in later writers of the Silver Age. In I. 17. 1, in Accio cir- 
caque eum Romana tragoedia est, Velleius employs it in a very rare 
use, to designate a period of time by a person belonging to it. 

2. in ordinandis : if in be retained, sc. occupatus. — sua: see 



122 NOTES. 

Critical Appendix. — pacis suae : Velleius gives Augustus the 
credit of securing peace, an honor which undoubtedly belongs to 
him. — cum . . . gessisset . . . turn . . . egit : cum has a conces- 
sive force, and therefore is followed by the subjunctive. See on 
48. 5. — vetere . . . severitate : see Critical Appendix. — pro- 
traxisset : equivalent to in lucem protulisset. — praecipuum . . . 
consulem: for praecipue se praebuit consulem. See on agebat 
ae mul um, 109. 2. 

3. profiteri vetuit: it was the duty of the consul to hold the 
comitia. He could refuse to receive the names of candidates q.uos 
indignos iudicavit. — perseverarent : sc. dicere. — si in . . . 
descendissent : sc. Martium. Cf. Hor. Od. III. 1. 10, hie genero- 
sior Descendat in campum petitor. 

4. Egnatium: see on 91. 3. — praeturae: Vossius suggests that 
praeturae here means "propraetorship," because Egnatius was 
praetor before, and not at the time that he sought the consulship. 
— obtinuisset : sc. Sentius. — non renuntiaturum : the magistrate 
presiding at the election might refuse to declare the name of the 
candidate chosen by the century giving its vote first, praerogativa 
centuria, and require the century to vote again. 

5. comparandum : see on explicandas, 46. 1. 

93. Death of M. Marcellus. Agrippa marries Julia. 

1. M. Marcellus: M. Claudius Marcellus, commonly known 
as the "young Marcellus.' ' He died at the age of eighteen. Cf. 
Vergil's famous lines, Aen. VI. 868-886. — ita: restrictive. Trans- 
late ut tamen . . . non existimarent, but yet they thought that honor 
would not fall to his lot without opposition from Agrippa. — virtu- 
tum : genitive of quality. — laetusque animi: cf. Tac. Ann. II. 
26, miles laetus animi. — fortunaeque : for the genitive with capax, 
cf. 127. 3; also Tac. Ann. I. 11, mentem tantae molis capacem. — 
alebatur : for educabatur. 

2. ministeriorum : not in Caesar or Cicero, who use munus and 
officium in this sense. — principalium : i.e. pro principe. See on 
principatus, 89. 6. — ut . . . loquitur: By using this formula 
Velleius wisely avoids the appearance of too much curiosity in 
regard to court secrets. — ob tacitas . . . offensiones : = ob 
secretas inimicitias. — Iuliam : the daughter of Augustus and 
his first wife, Scribonia. Cf. 96. 1; 100. 3, 4. — neque . . . 



BOOK II. CHAP. 92, 93, <M, 95. 123 

uteri: irhose children were blessings neither to herself nor to the 

St<lt( J . 

94. Tib. Claudius Nero (afterwards the Emperor Tiberius) 
begins to take part in public affairs. His deeds in the E; 

1. Ti. Claudius Nero: the Emperor Tiberius. — trimo: cf. 
himuiiu 76. 3. There is no contradiction or discrepancy. The 
marriage of Augustus and Livia occurred about a year after her 
flight, referred to in 75. 3. — ut praediximus : in 79. 2. 

2. innutritus . . . disciplinis : trained by the study of noble 
principles. — iuvenis . . . instructissimus : a youth possessing, 
in the highest degree, distinction of birth, personal beauty, dignity of 
bearing, and mental culture. — celsitudine : for altitudine, ezteU 
sitate ; rare, except in late Latin. — qui . . . potuerat : who, in 
early years, gave promise of becoming the great man that he now is. 
The subjunctive esset might be expected in place of est, in a de- 
pendent sentence, but the present indicative is much more forcible. 
It shows that the greatness of Tiberius is not referred to past time, 
but to the actual present ; Kritz. 

3. Ostiae : a city at the mouthy of the Tiber. — vitrici: i.e. 
Augustus. — inopiam . . . est: moderari, to restrain, to lessen, 
with the accusative, is post- Augustan — evasurus : see on evasuri, 
42. 1. 

4. Armeniam . . . potestatem: Armenia was not made a 
Roman province until 114 a.d. — Artavasdi dedit: according to 
Tacitus, Ann. II. 3. 4, Tigranes was first placed upon the throne, 
but reigned only a short time. Afterwards, by order of Augustus, 
the kingdom was given to Artavasdes. Velleius has made no allu- 
sion to Tigranes, referring simply to Artavasdes, who was placed 
upon the throne by Tiberius in accordance with the commands of 
Augustus. His account is less complete, but does not necessarily 
conflict with that of Tacitus. 

95. Victories of Tiberius and Drusus over the Raeti and Vin- 
delici. Censorship of Plancus and Paulus. 

1. Druso Claudio: born 38 B.C.; surnamecl Germanicus on 
account of his victories. His death, in the year 9 b.c, was caused 
by a fall from his horse. His soldiers erected a monument to his 
memory in the Roman camp at Mogontiacum (Mainz). Part of 
the monument is still standing inside of the German citadel. 



1-4 NOTES. 

Horace dedicated Od. IV. 4 to Drusus. For his character, see 97. 
2,3. — penates : metonymy. 

2. uterque adgressi : see on 63. 3. — Raetos Vindelicosque : 
Raetia and Vindelicia included parts of what are now Switzerland, 
the Tyrol, and Bavaria. Raetia, including Vindelicia, was made 
a Roman province, 15 b.c — earum: sc. gentium. 

3. Planci: see on 63. 3. — Pauli: Aemilius Paulus was censor 
with Plancus, 22 b.c. — vita : i.e. character. — implere censorem : 
equivalent to vim et auctoritatem censoris plene praestare ; Georges. 

— timere deberet: sc. censorem ; because of his own lack of char- 
acter. — quod . . . senex: which he did not acknowledge, although 
an old man. Plancus himself was guilty of all the base things that 
could be charged against young men. 

96. After the death of Agrippa, Julia marries Tiberius Nero. 
Success of the latter in the Pannonian war. 

1. Mors . . . Agrippae: 12 b.c. — novitatem: cf. 34. 3, M. 
Cicero, vir novitatis nobilissimae. Agrippa came from a very ob- 
scure family. — Neronis . . . socer : Nero, i.e. Tiberius, first mar- 
ried Vipsania, the daughter of Agrippa. — cuius : refers to Agrippa. 

— nepotes suos: i.e. the sons of Agrippa and Julia, the daughter 
of Augustus. — Gai ac Lucii : appositional genitives. These were 
the most common praenomina in the Julian gens. — admovit : the 
subject is mors. 

2. bellum Pannonicum : Pannonia extended from Noricum on 
the west, and Illyricum on the south, as far as the Danube ; and 
corresponded to lower Austria and a part of Hungary. Augustus 
engaged in war with the Pannonians, 33 b.c They were finally 
conquered by Tiberius, 9 a.d., and in the following year the 
country became a Roman province. — Marcoque . . . consulari: 
consul, 19 b.c See Critical Appendix. 

3. Gentes . . . nationes: gens (gigno) is more comprehensive 
than natio (nascor). Omnes gentis Germanomm nationes arma 
contra communem hostem ceperunt ; Meissner, Lat. Syn. But the 
two words are often used, as here, without any distinction in mean- 
ing. — situmque . . . multiplices : note the connectives. — eo 
bello : observe the attributive force of this adverbial expression. 

— alio loco : Velleius alludes to another work which he intended 
to write. For other similar allusions, see 99. 3 ; 103. 4 ; 114. 4 ; 



BOOK II. CHAT. 95, 96, 97. 125 

119. 1. — ovans triumphavit: cf. 122. 1, ovans triumphare. An 
ovatio was " a lesser triumph.' ' See Harpers 1 Lat. Lex. s.v. For 

the distinction between an ovation and a triumph, see GelL V. 6. 
20-27. For the derivation of the verb, ovo, from ^/wv, y/wA, 
see Skeat's Etymol. Diet., s.v. ovation; and note on same in Peck's 
Suetonius, p. 17G. For the popular derivation from ovis, because 
a sheep and not a bull, as in the triumph, was sacrificed, see Smith's 
Diet. Antiq. s.v. Ovatio. 

97. The defeat of Lollius in Germany calls Augustus to Gaul. 
Claudius Drusus is placed in command. After the death of Drusus 
the command is given to Tiberius, who wins a triumph. 

1. M. Lollio: Lollius was consul, 21 b.c. ; commander in Ger- 
many, 17 b.c. Cf. 102. 1. Of his defeat Suetonius (Aug. 23) says, 
maioris infamiae quam detrimenti. — vocavit : clades and aquila 
are its subjects. — in Gallias: the defeat of Lollius, clades Lol- 
liana, took place on the left bank of the lower Rhine, which the 
Germans had crossed. 

2. Druso Claudio: see on 95. 1. — tot . . . recipit: a good 
example of the extravagant statements of which Velleius was fond. 
Drusus deserved praise, but Velleius seems almost incapable of 
praising or blaming in plain, unemphatic terms. 

3. et adversus . . . aestimatio : " his modest bearing toward 
his friends." — inimitabilis : post-Augustan. — magna . . . Ger- 
maniae: while the Germans were not subdued, "their spirit of 
aggression was finally checked, and from henceforth, for many 
generations, they were fully occupied with the task of defending 
themselves." Merivale. Cf. Tac. Germ. 37. — fatorum . . . 
rapuit : cf. Flor. IV. 12. 28, Denique non per adulationem, sed ex 
meritis, defuncto ibi fortissimo iuvene, ipsi, quod numquam alias, 
senatus cognomen exprovincia dedit. See on 95. 1. 

4. sua . . . fortuna: with his usual good fortune. — peragra- 
tus : deponent only in this form. See Harpers' Lat. Lex. s.v. pev- 
agro,I.p. — commissi: entrusted to him. — quod . . . fuit: cf. 
115. 5. — stipendiariae : for tributariae, paying tribute in money. 
The country on the left bank of the Rhine was formed into two 
provinces, Germania Superior and Inferior, 17 a.d. Germany on 
the right bank never became a Roman province. — alter trium- 
phus: for the first, see 96. 3, -— altero consulatu : 7 b.c. 



126 NOTES. 

98. L. Piso brings the war in Thrace to a close. Praise of 
Piso. 

1. Thracia : now a part of Rouinelia. It was made a Roman 
province, 46 a. p. — gentis nationibus: for the distinction in 
meaning, see on 96. 3. — L. Pisonis: L. Calpurnius Piso, consul, 
1-3 b.c. He was for many years prefect of the city under Tiberius. 
It was to this Piso and his sons that Horace dedicated the Ars 
Poetka. Cf. Tac. Ann. VI. 10. — securitatis . < . custodem : 
Le. praefectum urbis. Cf. 88. 2, urbis custodiis praepositus ; also 
Iuv. 13. 157, custos urbis. 

2. triennio : for construction, see on 44. 5. The war began, 
12 b.c. — eiusque patratione : and by accomplishing this, eius 
refers to the clause, inpristinum . . . modum. patratione is used 
for perfectione, and in this sense it is rare and post-Augustan; 
but cf. 79. 3, patrando ; also Liv. 1. 24, pater patratus ad iusiu- 
randum pat rand urn. 

3. mixtissimos : d-rra^ \ey6fxevov. Ruhnken suggested temper a- 
tissimos. — validius : the full form instead of the less common 
valdius. 

99. Tiberius associated with Augustus in the enjoyment of the 
tribunician power. Tiberius retires to Rhodes. 

1. tribuniciae potestatis : the potestas tribunicia was conferred 
on Augustus for life, 23 b.c. It made him the head of the people, 
as he was already the head of the senate and the commander of 
the army. It was, as Merivale says, "the keystone of the whole 
imperial edifice." In the year 6 b.c, this power was given to 
Tiberius, to be enjoyed by him, as colleague of Augustus, for five 
years. — post unum: excepting one, i.e. excepting Augustus. — 
quia volebat : to have been unwilling would have been rebellion 
on his part. — alteram . . . lumen: cf. Cic. Cat. M. 11. 35, 
alterum lumen civitatis. 

2. pietate : filial devotion. Tiberius was both gener and prim- 
gnus of Augustus. Cf. § 2, socero atque eodem vitrico. — Gaius 
Caesar . . . Lucius: cf. 96. 1. Gaius assumed the toga virilis 
at the age of fifteen. — dissimulata . . . sui : there have been 
various conjectures of the true cause. Merivale assigns it to the 
"dark humor of his race," to a desire "to shake off the restraints 
of his position." Tacitus (Ann. I. 53) attributes his retirement 



BOOK II. CHAP. 98, 99, 100. 127 

to his unhappy union with Julia, the daughter of Augustus. — com- 
meatum: permission, adquiescendi depends upon it. 

3. iusto . . . operi : see on alio loco, 96. 3. 

4. transcursu : see on 55. 1. — septem . . . moratum : he 
retired to Rhodes, b.c. — sunt: added by Halm. — Rhodum 
deverterint : see Critical Appendix. — privato, si ilia : so Lipsius. 
privatos ilia, A P. — si . . . fuit: cf. 94. 2, visuque praetulerat 
principem. 

100. Rebellions in Parthia and Germany. Character of Julia, 
daughter of Augustus. 

1. adiecit . . . manum : adiecit for iniecit. Cf. Liv. 2. 12, dex- 
tramque . . . foculo inicit. Burmann proposed animum in place 
of manum. 

2. Gallo Caninio: L. Caninius Gallus was consul, 2 b.c. — 
dedicato Martis templo : before the battle of Philippi Augustus 
vowed the temple of Mars Ultor, on condition that Mars would 
give him the victory, and avenge the death of Julius Caesar. It 
was erected in the new Forum which was constructed by Augustus. 
Three lofty Corinthian columns with entablature and part of the 
wall of the cella are still standing. Cf. Ov. Fast. V. 550. — reple- 
verat: see on 56. 1. — horrenda: mostly poetic and post- Augus- 
tan ; Caesar and Cicero use horribilis. It agrees with tempestas, 
while memoria is in the ablative, like dictu. — ipsius: sc. Au- 
gusti. — tempestas : calamity. 

3. per omnia: see on 69. 6. — quod . . . reliquit: note zeugma 
in the use of infectum with pati. — magnitudinem . . . licentia : 
chiasmus. — quidquid liber et : see on quicumque . . . tradidissent, 
62. 2. 

4. lulus Antonius : son of Mark Antony and Fulvia. — ipse 
. . . fuit : he ivas himself the avenger of his oion crime. He was 
compelled to commit suicide ; but cf. Tac. Ann. IV. 44. 5, Iulo 
Antonio ob adulterium Iuliae morte punito. According to Meri- 
vale (IV. p. 211), he was also guilty of conspiring against the life 
of Augustus, and so was punished by order of the latter, for a 
double reason. — donaverat . . . honoratum : the real authority 
was vested in Augustus, though the offices of the republic were 
retained and the people were allowed to enjoy some of the outward 
forms of power. — sororis . . . filiae: lulus Antony married Mar- 



128 NOTES. - 

eella, the daughter of Augustus' sister, Octavia, and Marcellus. — 
adfiiiitatem : connection by marriage in distinction from relation- 
ship by blood. 

5. Crispinus, Claudius, Scipio : not otherwise known. — pro- 
tegens: protegere in the sense of celare is very rare. See Lat. 
Lex. s.v. — Sempronius Gracchus: for an account of his crimes 
and punishment, see Tac. Ann. I. 53. 4-9. — utriusque ordinis: 
senatorial and equestrian. — quasi . . . violata : note the ablative 
absolute with quasi. Cf. also 47. 3 and 117. 1, for the same con- 
struction with veluti, velut. This usage is not common in the best 
writers. — poenas : they were exiled. — cum : concessive. — Iulia 
. . . insulam : Julia was first banished to the island of Pandataria 
on the Campanian coast, afterwards to Rhegiuru, where she died, 
14 a.d, a few months after Tiberius became emperor. — Scribo- 
nia : Augustus divorced Scribonia in order to marry Livia. 

101. C. Caesar sent to the East. Velleius one of his retinue. 

1. C. Caesar: the son of Agrippa ; see on 96. 1. In the year 
1 b.c, Gaius Caesar, then twenty years of age, was sent on a 
mission to the East. — convento . . . habuit : according to Sue- 
tonius (Tib. 12), Tiberius crossed over from Rhodes to Samos, 
and paid court to the young Caesar, but was not treated by the 
latter with very much respect. — prius : i.e. before he entered 
Syria, to which he had been sent. — vituperaturum : for a new 
derivation, in place of vitium-paro, see Kuhn's Zeitschrift, XXXI. 
p. 280, where it is held by Sabler that vitupero is from vi- and 
the y/tup, seen in Sk. tupati ; Greek, tvtttu. — rege Parthorum: 
Phraates was then king of Parthia. 

2. ex diverso : this seems to be superfluous with hinc and 
illinc. — emineutissima . . . capita: Gaius Caesar was looked 
upon as the probable heir of Augustus, and therefore as the future 
head of the Roman empire. Parthia, the successor of the Persian 
empire, and the power that had long held the Romans in check in 
the East, was considered the one great obstacle in the way of the 
Romans to universal dominion. — sub . . . meorum : soon after 
the beginning of my military service. 

3. patre tuo : P. Vinicius, consul, 2 a.d. — P. Silio : see on 
83. 3. — auspicatus : aiispicari from auspex (avispex), a birdseef, 
meant originally to observe birds and to interpret the omens from 



BOOK II. (HAP. 100, 101, 102, 105. 129 

their movements, to take the auspices. As this was associated 
with the beginnings of important undertakings, the verb came to 
mean, as here, to begin. — ore: the Thracian Bosporus. — utro- 
que . . . latere: the shores of Thrace and Asia Minor. — maris 
Pontici : the Pontics Euxinus, now the Black Sea. — haud iniu- 
cunda : litotes. 

102. Perfidy and death of Lollius. Death of Censorinus. 
C. Caesar, having been wounded while in Armenia, dies in Lycia. 
His brother, L. Caesar, while on his way to Spain, dies at Mar- 
seilles. 

1. M. Lollii : see on 97. 1. — moderatorem : tutor. Cf. Mart. 
2. 90. 1, iuventae moderator. — iuventae: poetic and post-Augus- 
tan for iuventus. — consilia : the object of vulgavit. — cuius : i.e. 
Lollius. — secuta : added by Halm. — laetati : sc. sunt. — Cen- 
sorinum : C. Marcius Censorinus, consul, 8 b.c, and afterwards 
governor of Syria. He died when C. Caesar was in Asia, 2 a.d. 
— demerendis : from demereri in the sense of gratiam alicuius 
captare. Cf. Tac. Ann. XV. 21, Plura saepe peccantur, dum de- 
meremur quam dum offendimus. 

2. mox . . . crediderat: cf. Flor. IV. 12. 44, 45. — Artage- 
ram : Artagera was a city in central Armenia, northwest of Mount 
Ararat. — Adduo : Addon, the commander of Artagera ; Merivale. 

3. conversatio : from converso, the frequentative of converto. 
For the derivation of English conversation and its original meaning, 
see Skeat's Etymol. Diet., s.v. converse. — consenescere : "to 
spend his days." Gaius asked Augustus to relieve him of official 
duties, and to allow him to remain in Syria. The East, with its 
wealth and luxury, had many attractions for the Romans. — rev- 
ertens : at the earnest request of Augustus. Merivale cites Gell. 
XV. 7. 3, as evidence of the affection entertained by Augustus for 
Gaius. The passage contains, exemplum epistulae Augusti ad Gai- 
um. — Limyra: on a river of the same name in Lycia. — morbo 
. . . decessisset : Gaius died, 4 a.d. Cf. Flor. IV. 12. 42, i'fi Syria 
Gaius ex volnere occubuit. Suetonius agrees with Velleius in the 
matter of place, but not in regard to the time between the death 
of Gaius and Lucius; cf. Suet. Aug. 05, in duodeviginti mensium 
spatio. 

103. Tiberius returns from Rhodes and is adopted by Augustus. 



130 NOTES. 

1. fortuna: Velleius refers very often to Fate and Fortune, but 
not so often to the gods. Cf. 57. 3, ineluctabilis fatorum vis; 
97. 3, fatorum iniquitas ; 118. 4; 123.2. References to Fortune 
as a goddess, controlling the affairs of men, are found in 53. 3 ; 
60. 0; 72. 1; 80. 1; 116. 3; 117. 1. He was influenced by the 
spirit of the age in which he lived, and therefore ascribed more 
power to destiny, or chance, than to the gods of early Rome. 

— spem . . . nominis: in reference to C. and L. Caesar; so 
utriusque horum, below. — P. Vinicio: see on patre tuo, 101.3. 

— Ti. Nero . . . Rhodo : in July, 2 a.d. Cf. Suet. Tib. 13, 
Permittente ergo Gaio revocatus est. 

2. quaerendus . . . eminebat : note the chiasmus. 

3. adhuc: see Introduction, II., Adverbs. — utriusque : see on 
50. 4. — tribuniciae . . . consortionem : see on 99. 1 . Cf . Tac. 
Ann. I. 3, consors tribuniciae potestatis adsumitur ; Suet. Tib. 16, 
Data rursus potestas tribunicia in quinquennium. This occurred 
in the year 4 a.d. — Aelio Cato : Sex. Aelius Catus, consul, 4 a.d. 

— C. Sentio : this was his second consulship. See on 77. 3. — 
septingentis . . . quattuor: according to the Varronian era, 
757 a.u.c. 

4. concursumque civitatis: for the purpose of holding the 
comitia curiata, by which the adoption had to be ratified ; Krause. 

— paene . . . manus : note the hyperbole ; the usual formula 
is manus ad caelum tollere or tendere. — abunde : with about 
the force of satis. — implere : equivalent to plane explicare, 
exponere. — temptemus: for the subjunctive with nedum, still 
less, see A. & G. 317, c, Rem. ; G. 484, 3, Rem. 2 ; H. 483, 3, 
note. 

5. contenti : added by Rhenanus. — faustus : added by Halm. 
Madvig proposed omnibus faverit. — refulsit : refulgere is here used 
for renasci, to spring up again. See Harpers' Lat. Lex. s.v. II. — 
apes . . . parentibus: parents now had a reasonable hope of 
the safety of their children. — parentibus . . . tranquillitatis : 
asyndeton. — potuerit: the perfect subjunctive in a result clause 
after a secondary tense (refulsit, historical perfect) emphasizes 
the result ; see A. & G. 287, c ; G. 513 ; H. 495, VI. 

104. M. Agrippa adopted on the same day as Tiberius. Tibe- 
rius sent to Germany ; Velleius accompanies him. 



BOOK II. CHAP. 103, 104. 131 

1. M. Agrippa : If. Agrippa Poetumua was then fifteen. He 
was awkward in person, unattractive in manner, and at times 
subject to uncontrollable anger. Two years later he was banished 

to Planasia, an island near llva. Immediately after the death of 
Augustus he was secretly put out of the way by the centurion 
who had him in charge. It is not known whether this was ordered 
by Augustus, Livia, or Tiberius. The latter publicly declared that 
it was not done at his command. For the character of Agrippa, 
and for his death, see 112. 7; Tac. Ann. I. 3; Suet. Ang. 
id. Tib. 22. — illud . . . verbis: the following was added, in the 
exact words of Caesar, to the usual formula of adoption. 

2. morata: used actively. — M. Vinicio: see on 96. 2. — ab 
eo : i.e. by M. Vinicius. — sustentatum feliciter : lit. successfully 
endured; i.e. a good defense had been made. — eoque nomine: 
on that account, for that reason. — inscriptione . . . triumpha- 
lia : a triumphal arch in honor of Vinicius with an inscription, 
enumerating his deeds, was erected in the Alps. — operum : for 
rerum gestarum. 

3. functum . . . tribunatu: cf. 101. 2, 3. — castrorum . . . 
militem: explained by praefectus equitum, below. — eius: i.e. 
Ti. Caesar. — pro captu: = natura. This use of captus is post- 
classical. Caesar and Cicero have ut est captus ; cf . B. G. 4. 3 ; and 
Tusc. 2. 27. 65. — Neque illi . . . plenius: I think no other mor- 
tal will be permitted to behold such a spectacle as I saw, when, 
throughout the most populous regions of Italy and in all parts of 
Gaul, the people, as they saw again their old commander, who 
deserved to be Caesar before he icas so in name, congratulated 
themselves even more heartily than they congratulated him. — quis- 
que : in partitive apposition with the plural subject of gratularen- 
tur, while revisentes agrees with the subject. 

4. At vero . . . cupiditas : militum limits lacrimae, alacritas, 
exultatio, cupiditas, which are all to be taken with potest. — con- 
spectu . . . lacrimae : the tears shed from joy at sight of him 
(Tiberius). — contingendi manum : cf. 107. 2. fin.; Tac. Ann. 
XV. 71 ; Plin. H. X. XI. 103. — non . . . adiicerent: unable to 
i*estrain themselves from saying, continentium agrees with mili- 
tum. — ego . . . donatus sum: Ruhnken compares Cic. pro 
Muren. 18. 



13:2 notes. 

105. Various Gorman tribes conquered. Sentius Saturninus, 
legato in Germany. Tiberius returns to Rome for the winter. 

1. Canninefates : they inhabited the Batavian peninsula, called 
by Caesar, Pliny, and Tacitus, insula; now Holland. Cf. Tac. 
H. IV. 15. — Attuarii : the name of this tribe is somewhat uncer- 
tain. According to Vossius they were the Atthuarii of Amm. 20, 
10. 2. Others think the Chattuarii, a branch of the Chatti, are 
referred to. — Bructeri: between the Rhine and the Ems. Cf. 
Tac. Germ. 33. — Cherusci : they dwelt east of the Weser. — gen- 
tis eius Arminius : see Critical Appendix. — Visurgis : now the 
Weser. 

2. ita : restrictive. — praediximus : in 92. 1-5. 

3. aestiva: sc. castra, summer quarters, i.e. the campaign. — 
Decembrem : from decern, the tenth month ; so called by the 
early Romans, whose year began with March, and contained only 
ten months ; cf . Ov. Fast. I. 27, 28, 39 : 

Tempora digereret cum conditor urbis in anno 

Constituit menses quinque bis esse suo. 
Martis erat primus mensis. 

— Lupiae : now the Lippe, a branch of the Rhine. 

106, 107. Tiberius' victories in his second campaign. 

1. quanti voluminis: referring to the larger work which 
Velleius intended to write. See on alio loco, 96.. 3. — tota: not 
to be taken literally. — Cauchorum : the Chauci, written also 
Chauchi, Cauci, inhabited lower Germany from the Ems to the 
Elbe, and from Oldenburg and Bremen to the North Sea. Cf. 
Tac. Germ. 35, Tarn immensum terrarum spatium non tenent tan- 
tum Chauci, sed et implent. They were divided into Maiores and 
Minor es. — fulgenti : so Verg. Aen. IX. 614; X. 414. fulgente, 
Hor. Car. Saec. 61; Sat. I. 6. 23. See Neue, II. 64. — tribunal : 
derived from tribunus, tribus, whence Eng. tribe. The tribunal 
was a raised platform in the Basilica on which the praetor and 
iudices sat. In the camp it was constructed of turf or stone. 
Erom it the commander addressed the troops, and upon it the 
tribunes of the soldiers sat to administer justice. 

2. Langobardi : they dwelt on the left bank of the Elbe. Cf . 
Tac. Germ. 40. They moved southward in the fourth century, 
and in the sixth entered Italy, where they established a kingdom 



BOOK II. CHAP. 105, 106, 107. 133 

that endured for two hundred years. Their name is still preserved 
in Lombardy. The popular etymology ••Long-beards" is, at 
least, doubtful. — gens . . . ferocior : Huhnken compares Quint 
Decl. III. 13, Inusitata corporum magnitudo, mares etiam German 

nisferi. — Bid . . . miliarium: the distance is undoubtedly over- 
estimated. — Albim: now the Elbe. — Semnonum : a tribe of 
the Suevi living on the right bank of the Elbe in the modern 
Brandenburg. Cf. Tac. Germ. 39. — Hermundurorumque : the 
Hermunduri occupied what is now Saxony. 

3. eodem: sc. tempore. — observantia : ablative; used by 
Cicero in the sense of regard, reverence. It is here equivalent to 
observatione. — Oceani : the German Ocean. — circumnavi- 
gaverat : <x7ra£ \eyoixevov. — ab : from. — inaudito . . . mari : 
Drusus, 12 b.c, invaded Germany by sea and land, but his fleet 
did not sail so far north as that of Tiberius, and was ultimately 
wrecked and destroyed. — parta : added by Halm. Of this expe- 
dition Merivale (IV. p. 238) says, "it was the most remarkable 
for the success of its far-sighted arrangements of any recorded 
in ancient military history." He regrets the lack of details in 
the account of it, "which, if fully presented, would give us am- 
ple insight into the resources of the Roman power." 

107. 1. Non . . . mihi : equivalent to non possum tenereme, I 
cannot forbear. Note the dative with tempero, and below the ac- 
cusative (genus) with temperans, controlling, managing. For the 
different constructions with tempero, see Harpers' Lat. Lex. s.v. — 
fulgeret : Krause thought this could hardly be said of the German 
arms, especially of those belonging to the more remote tribes. — 
sub : at. — conatumque : see Critical Appendix. — refugientium : 
to be taken with hostium. — unus e barbaris : this incident is re- 
lated by Velleius alone. — excellens : tall. Not found in Cicero 
in this sense. — cavatum . . . alveum : a canoe, a " dug-out." — 
ad medium . . . flummis: see on per aversa castrorum, Go. 1. — 
petiit, liceret: for petiit ut liceret. 

2. lintre: linter, usually fern., is here masc. — quae cum: since 
they, inventus is the antecedent of quae. — vestrum : genitive. — 
quos . . . audiebam : equivalent to quos ante cognoveram audi- 
tione. — hodie . . . deos : for these words and cum vestrum . . . 
colat, above, Velleius has been charged with gross flattery. He 



134 NOTES. 

is scarcely more open to criticism in this respect than some of the 
writers of the Augustan age. Cf. Verg. Ec. 1. 6-8, namque erit 
ille mihi semper deus. — sine fine : for semper. 

3. locorumque : masc. as shown by qitos ; so in 108. 2 and 
110. 1. In the plural loca is regularly used for places, loci for 
topics. For a full list of examples, see Neue, I. pp. 540-543. 

108, 109. The Marcomanni and Maroboduus. Tiberius pre- 
pares to attack them. 

1. Marcomannorum : the men of the ''marches," the "bor- 
derers." Leaving the Rhine country, they took possession of 
what is now Bohemia. Cf. Tac. Germ. 42. — Maroboduo : abla- 
tive absolute with duce. Maroboduus was born, 18 b.c. He received 
his education and early training in Rome. He proved to be a wise 
leader of the Marcomanni, and established what was for a time 
a powerful kingdom. The last eighteen years of his life he spent 
in exile at Ravenna, where he died at the age of fifty-three. Cf. 
119. 5 ; 129. 3 ; Tac. Ann. II. 62, 63 ; Suet. Tib. 37. — incinctos : 
surrounded. — Hercynia silva : a famous forest in ancient Ger- 
many ; according to Caesar, sixty days' journey in length and 
nine in width. Cf. Caes. B. G. 6. 24, 25. 

2. transgredi : meaning silentio praeterire. In this sense it is 
post-iVugustan, and corresponds closely to the English to pass over, 
to omit. — natione : we would expect gente. natione may have 
been used because of its similarity in sound to ratione, with which 
it is contrasted. — ex . . . constantem : depending upon the will 
of his subjects. — imperium : the object of occupavit. — vimque : 
the object of complexus. — procul a : far from. — iuris : predicate 
possessive genitive. 

109. 1. Corpus . . . imperium: see Critical Appendix. The 
following may be taken as the sense of the passage : " His army, 
through constant training, became almost as well disciplined as 
that of the Romans, and in a short time his power was so great 
that it excited fear even on the part of Rome herself." — exerci- 
tiis : not in Caesar or Cicero. The latter used exercitatio. 

2. Caesares: i.e. Augustus and Tiberius. — in to turn : wholly, 
in all respects ; post- Augustan. — ex . . . dissimulato : dissimu- 
lato is used substantively, depending upon ex. The expression has 
an adverbial force, and is equivalent to dissimulanter. — agebat 



BOOK II. CHAP. 107, 108, 109, 110, 111. 135 

aemulum : cf. 92. 2, egit consult- m ; VIA. 2. The usual form in 
Cicero is /><7rt<-s alicuius agere. Render: lb- acted the parts in all 
respects, and with hut little disguise, of a rival, — exercitumque 
. . . fecerat: cf. Caes. B. C. 3. 87, cohortes essefactas. — habebat: 
agebat, Burmann. — operi: dative instead of ad with the accusa- 
tive. 

3. in fronte : i.e. on the north. — ventunis: for irruptionem 
facturus ; cf. Verg. Aen. 11.47, venturaque desuper urbi. 

4. securam : secitrus with the genitive is found in poetry and in 
post- Augustan prose. — quippe : emphasizes cum. — eius : i.e. 
Maroboduus. — multo plus : except in this instance Velleius uses 
longe with the comparative ; Fritsch. See on longe, 45. 5. 

5. proximo anno: 6 a.d. — Cattos : the Catti, more often 
written Chatti, were a German tribe occupying modern Hesse and 
a part of Thuringia. One of their towns, castelhim Chattorum. is 
now Cassel. Cf . Tac. Germ. 30. — continentibus . . . silvis : 
i.e. parts of the Hercynian forest. — Boiohaemum: the modern 
Bohemia. The Boii, who came originally from Gaul, occupied 
this country for a time, but were finally driven out by the Marco- 
manni. The name Bohemia is explained by Taylor (" Words and 
Places," p. 48) as equivalent to Boi-hcm-ia, or Boi-heim. the home 
of the Boii. He also holds that the Boii gave their name to Bai- 
ern, Bavaria. — nomen est : see Critical Appendix. — Carnunto : 
Carnuntum, or Carnutum, was a city in upper Pannonia, on the 
Danube. It was for a time the headquarters of Marcus Aurelius 
while he was directing the war against the German tribes. Its 
ruins can now be seen between Petronel and Altenburg. 

110, 111, Rebellion in Pannonia and Dalmatia. 

1. interdum: see Critical Appendix. — Danuvium : Danuvium 
and not Danubium is the correct spelling. The Danube is, next to 
the Volga, the largest river of Europe. It rises in the Black For- 
est, flows through Austria and Hungary, and, after a course of 
more than sixteen hundred miles, empties into the Black Sea. Cf. 
Tac. Germ. 1, Danuvius . . . montis Abnobae iugo effusus, piures 
populos adit, donee in Ponticum mare sex meatibiis erumpat. — 
aberat, legionesque quas : see Critical Appendix. 

2. quas . . . placuerat : which he had ordered Saturninus to 
bring up. — praedicto loco : cf. 109. 5. — Pannonia . . . corri- 



loG NOTES. 

puit : cf. Suet. Tib. 16, 17, where this war is called gravissimum 
omnium externorum bellorum post Punica. — insolens . . . viri- 
bus: made arrogant by the enjoyment of long peace, and fully 
developed in power. 

3. Turn . . . praeposita : Tiberius found it necessary to check 
the uprising in Pannonia and Dalmatia, instead of making war 
upon the Marconi anni as he had before planned. For this use of 
gloriosis, see on 75.2. — abdito . . . exercitu : withdrawing the 
army into the interior. — milibus : ablative of comparison after 
amplius, which is here followed by the regular construe oion after 
comparatives. — ducenta : sc. milia. — armis habilia : capable 
of bearing arms. 

4. Nauporti : a city in upper Pannonia ; now Laybach. — Ter- 
gestis: Tergeste ; now Trieste. — praesidium : the predicate 
nominative instead of the dative of purpose or end. — Batoni ac 
Pinneti : Bato and Pinnetes (also written Pinnes) were the leaders 
in the revolt. Cf. 114. 4. 

5. non . . . tantummodo, sed . . . quoque : = non . . . so- 
lum, sed . . . etiam. Cf. Liv. 21. 32. 4, non . . . tantummodo . . . 
sed etiam. 

6. vexillariorum : of the veterans, vexillarius, standard-bearer, 
was first used by Liv. 8. 8. 4. Tacitus (Ann. I. 38 ; H. II. 83 ; 100) 
used it in the sense of veteran. The vexillarii were a privileged 
body of veterans who had served through twenty campaigns, but 
who were still liable to be called upon to perform special duties. 
They were named vexillarii because they served under standards, 
vexilla, of their own and not under the eagles of the legions. — ad 
. . . caesus : i.e. put to the sword. — stabilem : an appropriate 
epithet for Augustus, especially when he is contrasted with the 
Koman leaders that had immediately preceded him. — experien- 
tia : Augustus had acquired his experience during a period of 
fifty years, from the death of Julius Caesar, 44 b.c, to the insur- 
rection in Pannonia, 6 a.d. 

111. 1. et : for etiam. — viri . . . militem : men and women, in 
proportion to their income, were compelled to furnish freedmen to 
serve as soldiers. Cf. Suet. Aug. 25, Libertino milite . . . bis usus 
est: . . . neque aut commixtos cum ingenuis ant eodem modo 
armatos. — principis: Augustus. See on principatus, 89. 6, 



BOOK II. CHAP. 110, 111, 112. 137 

2. nisi . . . fuisset : i.e. success depended upon tin- leader; cf. 
Tac. A. 27, adversa uni imputantur. — ut . . . ultimum : ultimum 
is the reading of Lipsius ; militum of AP. * Praesidium ultimum* 
est summum, ultra quod nullum aliud reperitur; Rulmken. Cf. 
Suet. Tib. 21, unicum populi Bomani praesidium. 

3. mediocritas nostra: "my modest self," "my humble 
talents." This has been compared with mea parvitas, Val. Max. 
I. Prol. Such expressions naturally came into use in the imperial 
age. — ministerii : see on 93. 2. — Finita . . . militia : the required 
term of service in the cavalry was ten years. — necdum . . . sen- 
atoribus: the meaning of this is obscure, and has been a matter 
of dispute. Sauppe, Mus. Helvet. 1837. I. 2. p. 139, holds that the 
other lieutenants were senators, and that some of them were also 
designati tribuni, and that Yelleius' equality with the senators 
consisted in the fact that he had the same military rank and com- 
mand. Kritz, to whom we are indebted for this statement of 
Sauppe' s view, says in regard to it : Veram loci rationem solus per- 
spexit Sauppius. — etiam . . . tribunis : in the last years of the 
Republic and in the time of the Empire, the tribunes were chosen 
from the senators. In order of office, the tribuneship generally 
came immediately after the quaestbrship. — plebei : the genitive of 
plebes. See on 44. 4. 

4. In.. . . sum: Velleius returned to Rome to stand for the 
quaestorship. After his election, having given up his chance for 
one of the provinces which were assigned to the quaestors by lot, he 
was sent again to the frontier to serve as lieutenant under Tiberius. 
— prudentia ducis : by the wisdom of our leader (Tiberius). — 
quanto . . . civilitatis : with what just display of kindness, civi- 
litas is post- Augustan and rare. — inclusus : sc. host is est. — intra 
se furens : equivalent to vertens furorem in se ipsum. 

112. Messalinus' bold deed in Illyricum. Tiberius reduces part 
of the barbarians by famine ; the rest attack A. Caecina and Plau- 
tius Silvanus and are defeated. Death of M. Agrippa. 

1. Messalini : M. Valerius Messalinus was the son of the emi- 
nent M. Messaila Corvinus, on whom see 71. 1. Messalinus was a 
noted orator and a patron of literature. lie held the office of con- 
sul in the year 3 b.c. For his devotion to Augustus and Tiberius, 
see Tac, Ann. III. 18, 



138 NOTES. 

2. animo . . . nobilior : cf. Liv. 4. 28, Nobilior vir factis, 
quam genere; Ruhnken. — Cottae: Lucius Cotta, the younger 
brother of Messalinus. After the death of his father, he assumed 
the name of Cotta from his mother's family. — semiplena legione : 
at this time there were about five thousand men in the full legion, 
before the number had been diminished by service in the field. 
In the reign of Tiberius, the army on a peace footing contained, 
outside of Italy, twenty-five legions. Cf. Tac. Ann. IV. 5. For 
the names of the legions, their quarters, and the special actions in 
which they had been engaged, see Smith's Diet. Antiq., I., p. 788. 

— fudit fugavitque : see on 46. 4. 

3. Ita . . . reponerent : the barbarians thought that they had 
made sufficient provision for the war, and had raised an army large 
enough to meet the enemy ; but in the presence of Caesar, they 
lost confidence in themselves. Note the zeugma in the use of place- 
bat with both numerus and fiducia virium. — ipsi duci: Tiberius. 

— ad . . . nostram : at our will and to our advantage. — neque 
. . . congredi : neither daring to withstand us when ice advanced 
upon them, nor to engage ivith us when we formed our line of battle 
and gave them an opportunity to fight. — instantes : see Critical 
Appendix. — monte Claudio : a mountain range in Pannonia near 
the modern Warasdin on the river Drave. 

4. obviam exercitui : to meet the army. — A. Caecina : A. 
Caecina Severus, governor of Moesia, 6 a.d. He served through 
forty campaigns. He is often mentioned by Tacitus. Cf . id. Ann. 
I. 31, 32, 60, 64, et passim. — Silvanus Plautius: consul with 
Augustus, 2 b.c. — circumfusa . . . regio : surrounding five of 
our legions together with our allies and the royal army. — iunctus 
. . . Rhoemetalces : king of Thrace. He was driven from his 
kingdom, 13 b.c, but was restored to it by Augustus a few years 
later. Cf . Tac. Ann. II. 64. 3. — ducibus : i.e. Caecina and Sil- 
vanus. — adiutorium : a rare word, for auxilium. 

5. fugata . . . alae : the cavalry of the king and the horsemen 
of the allies were put to flight. — imperatoris : Tiberius. 

6. ipsae : note its agreement with legiones instead of semet. 
See A. & G. 195, 1. ; G. 298 ; H. 452, 1. — praefecto castrorum : 
this officer is first mentioned in the time of Augustus. There was 
one for each legion. He attended to the making of the camp and 



BOOK II. CHAP. 112, 113, 114. 139 

to its internal economy, and ranked between the tribunes and cen- 
turions; Class. Diet, — primi or dines :=cefUurioites ordinis primL 

— sustinuisse contenti : see on 49. 4. — ex insperato : see on 

. . dissimulator 109. 2. 

7. Agrippa : see on 104. 1. — eodemdie: cf. eadem die, 104. 1, 
and see on 42. 2. — adoptatus . . . erat : the subject is Agrippa, 
and not Tiberius. — naturali : in distinction from adoptive. — 
animi . . . ingenii : animus is the rational soul in opposition to 
the physical life, anima, and in distinction from the body, co 
ingenium is the inborn character, the talent, mens is the intellect, 
the reasoning faculty. — alienavit sibi : in Cicero, alienare is fol- 
lowed by ab and the ablative. See Lat. Lex. s.v. alieno. Cf. 47. 
3, a C. Caerare alienatus est. 

113, 114. Tiberius, a skillful commander, and kind to his 
troops. Peace secured in Pannonia. 

1. ducem . . . principem : Tiberius. — quique . . . quique : 

— et qui . . . et qui. — cohortibus : allies, as in 112. 5, conversae 
cohortes. — ad hoc: for praeterea ; used in this sense by the his- 
torians, especially from the time of Livy. See Harpers' Lat. Lex. 
s.v. ad I. E. 2. — quantus . . . civilia : for the number that took 
part in the battle of Philippi, see on Philippos, 70. 1. 

2. utilia . . . praeferens : cf. 110. 3, necessaria gloriosis prae- 
posita ; and 115. 5, visum est . . . tutissimum ; also see on 75.2. 

— quae probanda . . . sequens: following the course ichich de- 
served to be approved, not always that which gained popular favor . 
Gruter compared this with Ennius, as quoted by Cicero, Cat. M. 

4.10. 

Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem. 
Noenum rumores ponebat ante salutem. 

— paucis diebus: for the case, see on maiore parte, 44. 5. — re- 
fovendas : not ante- Augustan ; for reficiendas. 

3. quisque: in partitive apposition with universi. — Sisciam : 
a city in Pannonia: now Siszek. — partitis : partior is generally 
used as a deponent by Cicero and Caesar, but the participle is used 
in the passive, as here. 

114:. 1. belli . . . Pannonici: for the number of belli, see on 

... quarta, 61. 2. — nemo . . . animus: cf. Germanicus' 

treatment of his soldiers, Tac. Ann. I. 71. 4, 5. — praecedentibus : 



140 NOTES. 

this verb is not found in Cicero, Sallust, or Tacitus, and but once 
in Caesar. See Harpers' Lat. Lex. s.v. — distractissimus : dis- 
tractus is here equivalent to negotiis occupatus. 

2. publicata : ready for the use of all. — iam: for modo ; ana- 
phora. In this use it is rare, and in prose dates from the time of 
Livy . See Draeg. II. p. 94. — in hoc solum : the severe discipline 
of earlier times had excluded instrumentum balinei from the camp ; 
hence Velleius says in hoc solum, referring to succurrit valetudini. 

— domestici: "domestics." — illis: sc. domesticis. 

3. solus . . . vectus est: Non vehiculo, aut lectica ; Ruhnken 

— cenavit sedens: the Romans usually reclined when taking 
food. Ammianus says of Julian, XXV. 4. 4, per varios autem pro- 
cinctus stans interdum more militiae cibum brevem vilemque sumere 
visebatur. — disciplinam : i.e. Tiberius' strict mode of living. — 
nocebatur : impersonal passive. Provided no harm was done by 
their example. — castigatio: verbal reproof in distinction from 
corporal punishment, vmdicta. castigatio was given in severer 
terms than admonitio. 

4. insequenti aestate : 8 a.d. — iuventutem : the Pannonians. 

— Bathinum : this river has not been identified. 

5. M. Lepidus : a kinsman of the triumvir ; consul, 6 a.d. He 
is often confused with Manius Lepidus. See Smith's Diet. Biog. 

115. Tiberius devotes himself to the war in Dalmatia. 

1. alteram . . . molem: cf. reliquiis belli in Delmatia, 114. 4. 

— Magio Celere Velleiano: the brother of the historian was 
adopted into the Magian family, and assumed the name of Magius 
Celer Velleianus. — patris: Augustus. — honorum: limits me- 
moria. — quibus . . . donavit: cf. 121. 3. 

2. immunesque . . . clade: see on 46. 2. — excisis agris: 
equivalent to vastatis agris, 

3. si . . . auspiciis : the auspices were taken by the com- 
mander-in-chief of the army, and the war was said to be carried on, 
ductu et auspicio imperatoris. Even if the legatus gained a victory 
in the absence of the imperator, the latter and not the legatus re- 
ceived the honor of a triumph ; Class. Diet. — ornamentis trium- 
phalibus : these included an ivory staff with the figure of an eagle, 
a curule chair, a. golden crown, a mantle, and a statue crowned 
with laurel. — principum, the pnnces. 



BOOK II. CHAP. 114, 115, 116, 117, 118. 141 

4. Ilia aestas: a.d. — Perustae et Desidiates : Dalmatian 
tribes. — manibus : efforts. 

5. quam . . . pensaret : a result clause; quam = ut earn. — 
semperque . . . tutissimum : Kaiser comparee Sail. Frag. Bk. I., 
At ille eo processU, at nihil gloriosum^ nisi tutum . . . aestumet. 
— ducis . . . ducis: chiasmus. 

116, Deeds of Germanicus, Yibius Postumus, and Cossus. 

1. locos: see on locoramque, 107. 3. — Germanicus : son of 
Drusus ; nephew and adopted son of Tiberius. He was born, 
19 b.c. ; consul, 12 and 17 a.d. ; died in the year 19. Augustus 
and the Roman people regarded him with much favor, because of 
his marked ability and upright character. For his death and the 
suspicion concerning it, see Tac. Ann. II. 69-72 ; for the feeling at 
Rome, see ib. 82-84. 

2. Vibius Postumus: consul, 5 a.d. — Passienus : L. Pas- 
sienus Rufus, consul, 4 b.c. — Cossus: consul, 1 b.c. — quibus- 
dam : see Critical Appendix. — Sed . . . contulit : cf . Flor. IV. 
12. 40, Jlusulamos atque Gaetirfos, accolas Syrtium, Cosso dace 
compescuit ; uncle Mi Gaetulici nomen lathis quam ipsa victoria. 

3. L. Apronius : consul, 8 a.d. Cf. Tac. Ann. I. 29. 2 ; III. 21 ; 
IV. 73. 1. — excellenti : the participle, when used as such, regu- 
larly has e in the ablative; as an adjective, *. — Aelius Lamia: 
see Critical Appendix. Consul, 3 a.d. Cf . Tac. Ann. IV. 13. 5 ; 
VI. 27. 2 ; Hor. Od. I. 26. 8 ; III. 17. 

4. A. Licinius . . . filius : see on 83. 3. — abunde : see on 103. 
4. — ne . . . praeferens : see Critical Appendix. The following 
may be taken as the probable sense of the passage : "A. Licinius 
Nerva Silianus, son of P. Silius, not sufficiently admired even by 
those who knew him, a most excellent citizen and skillful leader, 
lost by reason of his early death the advantage he might have gained 
from the emperor's friendship, and was unable to reach the lofty 
height to which his father had attained, and which he had purposed 
in his own mind to reach." 

117, 118. Pannonian and Dalmatian war followed by the defeat 
of Varus. Character of the latter. Plots of Arminius. 

1. Tantum quod, equivalent to vix. See Harpers' Lat. Lex. 
s.v. tantus II. B. 2. b. — bello : note the singular. — nuntium at- 
tulere: so placed by Halm; by others after cohortium. — indul 



14*2 NOTES. 

gente : see on cxcellenti, 116. 3. — ne . . . sed . see Critical 
Appendix. 

2. Varus: P. Quintilius Varus was the colleague of Tiberius in 
the consulship, 13 B.C., and was afterwards proconsul of Syria. 
His defeat by the Germans under Arminius, 9 a.d., was the severest 
blow that the Romans had received from a foreign foe since the 
defeat of Crassus by the Parthians. Cf. 119 ; also Tac. Germ. 37 ; 
id. Ann. I. 3. 6 ; I. 55. 3, 4. — inlustri . . . familia : of an honor- 
able rather than famous family. — ortus : sc. est. — ingenio mitis : 
see on forma, 41. 1. — immobilior : the comparative has the force 
of somewhat. — pecuniae . . . contemptor: how far he was from 
despising money. — pauper . . . pauperem : note the order. 

3. poterant : the indicative in oratio obliqua to emphasize the 
fact. See A. & G. 336, d ; H. 524, 2, 2. 

4. mediam . . . Germaniam : in the territory of the Cherusci, 
in the vicinity of the modern Paderborn. — agendoque . . . tribu- 
nali : cf. Plin. Ep. I. 10. 9, Sedeo pro tribunali, subnoto libellos; 
also Suet. Vitell. 9, pro tribunali iura reddenti. The expression 
agere pro tribunali is equivalent to ius dicere. — ordine : for ex 
online, in order, regularly, sordide has been proposed. 

118. 1. nunc . . . mitesceret : now giving thanks because Boman 
justice settled these disputes, and because their own wild nature be- 
came more refined under the influence of this new and hitherto un- 
tried system. — ut se . . . crederet :_ Vossius compared this with 
Elor. IV. 12. 31, Ausus ille (Varus) agere conventum, et incautius 
edixerat, quasi violentiam barbarorum lictoris virgis et praeconis 
voce posset inhibere. 

2. Arminius : Hermann, leader, was the son of Sigimer (which 
signifies famous conqueror) , and was born, 18 b.c. He was educated 
at Rome, and served for a time in the army of Augustus ; Smith's 
Diet. Biog. His defeat of Varus is reckoned by Creasy as one of the 
fifteen decisive battles in the world's history, because, "That vic- 
tory secured at once and forever the independence of the Teutonic 
race." It compelled the Romans to make the Rhine and not the 
Elbe the boundary of the empire. For his death and fame, see 
Tac. Ann. II. 88. — gentis eius : the Cherusci. — iure : Ruhnken 
thinks that the preposition cum has fallen out before iure, because 
of the preceding comes. — neminem . . . opprimi: cf. Li v. 37. 4, 



BOOK II. CHAP. 117, 118, 119, 120. 143 

Et tunc eo ipso, quod nihil tale timerent, opprimi incatUoi 

posse. 

3. recepit . . . dicit : note the change in tense. 

4. Segesten: Segestes was an opponent of Arminius, and a 
friend of the Romans. Cf. Tac. Ann. I. 68, 50. — Obstabant . . . 
praestrinxerant : an imitation of Verg. Aen. IV. 440, Fata ob- 
stant, placidasque viri deus obstruit auris. — ut . . . corrumpat : 
cf. 57. 3. — speciemque . . . profitetur : spemque is the reading of 
AP. Burmann proposed speciemque, which Halm adopted. The 
latter says of this clause : Est formula gratias agentis, qua quis se 
benevolam indicts voluntatem agnoscere fatetur. 

119. Slaughter of the Romans under Varus, and death of the 
latter. 

1. Crassi . . . damnum: the memorable defeat of Crassus oc- 
curred, 53 b.c. See on 46. 4. — nunc . . . est: cf. 67. 1. Tacitus 
(Ann. I. 58. 5) uses a similar expression in regard to the defeat of 
Varus, Quae secuta sunt, defleri magis quam defendi possunt. 

2. marcore: for ignavia.— aut egrediendi: see Critical Ap- 
pendix. — inclusus silvis: cf. Tac. Ann. I. 60. 5, haud procul 
Teutoburgiensi saltu, in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae 
dicebantur. The Teutoburg Forest was probably the modern for- 
est of Havixbrock, east of Beckum and northeast of Hamm ; Allen. 
— quern . . . temperaret: the Romans had formerly defeated 
and slaughtered the Germans at will. 

3. paterni . . . exempli : for the death of Varus' father, see 
on 71. 3. Concerning the death of the grandfather, Lipsius says : 
"The facts are not so clear, yet I find that Sex. Quintilius Varus, 
quaestor of L. Domitius, was at Corfinium, so that it is probable 
that he took his own life at Pharsalus or in Africa." — exempli 
successor: following the example. — se ipse transfixit: Tacitus 
(Ann. I. 61. 6) agrees with this. 

4. Vala : otherwise unknown. — cetera : see on 46. 2. — cum 
alis : ivith the cavalry of the allies. 

5. gentilicii . . . est: was honored with burial in the family 
tomb. 

120. Tiberius is sent to Germany. Valor of L. Asprenas and 
L. Caedicius. Tragic death of Caelius Caldus. 

1. ad patrem : for the effect of this defeat upon Augustus, cf. 



144 NOTES. 

Suet. Aug. 2o, Vovit et magnos Judos Iovi Optimo Maximo, si res 
publico in meliorem station vertisset. Adeo denique consternatum 
ferunt ut per continuos menses barba capilloque summisso caput 
interdum foribus inlideret, vociferans : i Quintili Vare, legiones 
redde /' diemque cladis quot annis maestum habuerit ac lugubrem. 
— ad Germaniam : into Germany. — Cimbricam . . . militiam : 
the Teutones were defeated by Marius, 102 b.c. ; the Cimbri, 101. 
Velleius mentions these battles in 12. 4. — ultro : found in Velleius 
but once ; Georges. 

2. Arma . . . erant : he made war upon the enemiuwhen his 
father and fatherland would have been satisfied if he had held them 
in check. 

3. L. Asprenati: probably L. Nonius Asprenas, consul, 6 a.d., 
and proconsul of Africa, 14 a.d. — vacillantium : agrees with gen- 
tium instead of animos ; see on 83.2. — sitarum: rarely used in 
reference to persons. 

4. Alisone: Aliso was a fortress at the junction of the river 
Aliso with the Lippe. It was built by Drusus, 11 b.c. Cf. Tac. 
Ann. II. 7. 5. 

5. imperatoris . . . militum : chiastic arrangement. 

6. ita . . . expiraret : cf . 7. 2 for a similar instance. 

121. Tiberius' success in Gaul. He returns to Rome and cele- 
brates his long-delayed triumph. 

1. subsequenti . . . initio : Tiberius first crossed the Rhine, 
8 b.c. After his return from Rhodes he again invaded Germany, 
4 a.d., and was engaged in military operations there and in the 
neighboring provinces until he returned to Rome, in the year 12, to 
celebrate his long-delayed triumph. — Qui : the subject of egit. — 
classicis : classicus, as in 85. 2, where Cicero would have used 
navalis. — Viennensium : the inhabitants of Vienna, * a city in 
Gaul, on the Rhone ; now Vienne. — ut . . . esset : cf. Suet. Tib. 
21, lege per consules lata, ut provincias cum Augusto communiter 
administraret. — quam: see on dissimilis, 55. 2. aequum is here 
equivalent to nee dissimile. 

2. ad . . . parem : an unusual construction ; found also in 
Liv. 1. 5. 7, nee enim erat ad vim apertam par. — egit triumphum : 
12 a.d. Cf. Suet. Tib. 20. 

3. hostium duces : the reference is probably to Bato and Pin- 



BOOK II. CHAP. 120, 121, 122, 123. 145 

netes. — quern . . . contigit: cf. Suet. Tib. 20, prosequentibas 
etiam legatis, quibus triumphalia ornamenta impetrarat. 

122. Tiberius' modesty in receiving honors. 

1. tribus: see on 97. 4. — rege . . . ei: see on Artavasdi, 94. 
4. — curru . . . ingredi : i.e. triumphare. 

2. temperavit: sc. modum ; he observed moderation in honors. 

123. Germanicus is sent to Germany to complete the war. 
Death of Augustus at Nola. 

1. Germanicum : see on 116. 1. — patraturum . . . interfu- 
turus : future participles expressing purpose, interfuturus, to be 
present at. — athletarum : wrestlers, runners, boxers, leapers, and 
disc-hurlers are called athletae, from ad\tu, to contend. — Beneven- 
ti : Beneventum was a city in Samnium , now Benevento. It was 
on the Appian Way, and therefore on the road to Brundusium, the 
port from which Tiberius would sail to Illyricum. — Nolam : a very 
old city of Campania. — volenti : sc. sibi. The participle has the 
force of a conditional clause, if he ivished. — post se : for se mortuo. 
— expectato . . . maturius : more quickly than he was expected. 

2. amplexibus : mostly poetic and post- Augustan. — ipsius : sc. 
Tiberii. — fine : for fine vitae ; in this sense post- Augustan. Cf . 
Val. Max. III. 3. 4. finire in the sense of mori is found in Cic. 
Tusc. 1. 48. — subrefectus: ct7ra£ Xeyo^evov ; equivalent to all- * 
quanto refecto. — spiritus: cf. Eng. "a dear soul," and see Harp- 
ers' Lat. Lex. s.v. II. B. b. — in sua . . . reddidit: This expres- 
sion was borrowed from the followers of Pythagoras and Plato, 
who believed that the soul of man, released from the body at 
death, returned to the world-soul from which it came. Velleius 
uses a variety of expressions in place of mori, to die : e.g. ad deos 
excedere, I. 2. 1 ; de vita migrare, I. 11. 7 ; vitam finire, II. 3. 2 ; 
spiritum reddere, 14. 2 ; morte fungi, 48. 6 ; perire, 64. 2 : expirare, 
70. 5 ; obire, 87. 3 ; exitus fuit, 87. 3 ; decedere, 87. 3 ; occidere, 91. 
4; proteri, 91.4; fungi statione mortali, 131. 2. — Pompeio . . . 
consulibus : 14 a.d. Augustus died on the 19th of August of this 
year, having been sole ruler of Rome for forty-four years. For 
an account of his death, see Suet. Aug. 98, 99 ; Tac. Ann. I. 5. 5, 6. 
Merivale regards the insinuation that Augustus was poisoned by 
Livia as without proof, and thinks that there could be no adequate 
motive for such an act on her part. See id. IV. p. 287. 



146 NOTES. 

124. Consternation at Rome. Tiberius at first refuses imperial 
power. He begins his reign. 

1. in . . . confinio : in how narrow a strait between safety and 
destruction ice were. — vacat : the impersonal use of vacat is con- 
fined to poetry and post- Augustan prose. — bonis : Halm suggests 
votis after bonis, as possibly the correct reading. consilio has 
also been proposed. 

2. Tandem . . . victus est: cf. Tac. Ann. I. 11, 12; Suet. 
Tib. 24, 25. Both Tacitus and Suetonius accuse Tiberius of insin- 
cerity in his reluctance to enter upon the imperial office. 

3. Post . . . patrem : cf . Suet. Aug. 100, Nee deficit vir praeto- 
rius, qui se effigiem cremati euntem in caelum vidisse iuraret. 
According to Dion Cassius the man was bribed by Livia. — corpus 
. . . honoribus : cf. Suet. Aug. 100, Beliquias legerunt primores 
equestris ordinis, tunicatiet disci ncti pedibusque nudis, ac Mausoleo 
condiderunt. Id opus inter Flaminiam mam ripamque Tiberis 
sexto suo consulatu extruxerat circumiectasque silvas et ambula- 
tiones in usum populi iam turn publicarat. Remains of his tomb 
can now be seen on the Via de' Ponteflci. — numen . . . honora- 
tum: cf. Tac. Ann. I. 10. 8, Ceterum sepultura more perfecta 
templum et caelestes religiones decernuntur. Cf. Suet. Aug. 97, 

* divinitasque post mortem evidentissimis ostentis praecognita est. — 
ordinatio comitiorum : cf. Tac. Ann. I. 15. 1, e campo comitia ad 
patres translata sunt. i ' From henceforth, however, we are to con- 
sider not only that every consular appointment is made by the mere 
voice of the emperor, but that every other magistrate is chosen by 
the senate, partly on the imperial nomination, partly with a show 
of free selection, and finally, that to these at least the popular 
sanction is also ostensibly given." Merivale, V. p. 101. See also 
Leighton's Rome, p. 441. 

4. candidates Caesaris : Augustus nominated part of the magis- 
trates and allowed the people to nominate the rest, claiming only 
the right of veto in the case of unworthy nominations. He attended 
the elections and solicited votes for his own candidates ; Merivale, 
V. p. 98. Cf. Suet. Aug. 56, Quotiens magistratuum comitiis 
interesset, tribus cum candidates suis circuibat supplicabatque 
more sollemni. Ferebat et ipse suffragium in tribu, ut unus e 
populo. 



BOOK II. CHAP. 124, 125. 147 

125. Mutiny of the troops in Germany and Illyricum, suppr. 
by the wisdom of Tiberius and the valor of DrOBUS. 

1. Quippe . . . erant : Tacitus gives an account of the mutiny 
of the legions in Pannonia, in Ann I. 16-30, and of the revolt in 
Germany, in ib. 31-40. of the former he urn Pannonicas 

legiones seditio incessit, nallls novis ca usis. nisi </>"><l mutatui 
princeps Ucentiam turbartim et ex civili bello spem praemiorum 
ostendebat ; concerning the outbreak in Germany: Is&em ferme 
diebus isdem causis Germanicae leyiunes turbatae. The army in 
Illyricum consisted of three legions. The soldiers demanded shorter 
service, sixteen campaigns instead of twenty, and more pay. Their 
complaints were laid before the emperor, who sent his son, Claudius 
Dnisus, to pacify the troops. The superstitious soldiers were 
greatly terrified by an eclipse of the moon which occurred at that 
time, and having received from Drusus assurances of certain re- 
forms, they returned to their allegiance. The leaders of the insur- 
rection were put to death. 

The army in Germany consisted of eight legions. Germanicus, 
the commander, was absent in Gaul when the mutiny began. Some 
of the soldiers wished to make him emperor, but he refused to be a 
party to such treason. By a strong appeal to the affection of the 
soldiers for himself, his wife, and his infant ^on, Gaius (afterwards 
the emperor Caligula), and by his wise management, Germanicus 
succeeded in restoring order and discipline. 

4. ignovit: see Critical Appendix. — ita . . . perniciosa : so 
Drusus, who had also been sent by his father to extinguish the flame* 
of another revolt kindled by the soldiers and blazing forth with the 
utmost fury, enforced the severe discipline of former times and pre- 
ferred a coarse which exposed himself to danger to one which might 
prove ruinous in the end. — igne : cf. this form with igni. 74. 4. — 
et . . . coercuit : when the soldiers had been pacified, they aided 
the commander in punishing the ring-leaders. 

5. Iunio Blaeso : Q. Junius Blaesus was governor of Africa, 
21 a.d., and consul, 28. He was the uncle of Sejanus and was 
involved in the downfall of the latter. — in iis . . . cuius : supplied 
by Madvig. On M. Lepidus, see 114. 5. — cum ei . . . super- 
esset : since he had sufficient loyalty to plan the best things and 
authority to carry oat what he planned. — Dolabella : proconsul 



148 NOTES. 

in Africa. 24 a. p. He brought the war with Tacfarinas to a suc- 
9fi nil conclusion. Cf. Tac. Ann. IV. 23. 2. 
I2(i. Wise and peaceful rule of Tiberius. 

1. Horum . . . annorum: the first sixteen years of the reign 
of Tiberius. — partibus : about equal to particulatim. Ulw can 

ill of the details? 

2. fides: a commercial term, credit. — summota . . . seditio : 
Krause cited Suet. Aug. 34, for an example of seditio under 

- istus. — campo : the Campus Martius, in which the people 
had formerly met for the election of magistrates, — under Tiberius, 
for the ratification of their election by the senate. — sepuloaeque 
. . . redditae : chiasmus. — iudiciis gravitas : under Tiberius 
the senate became the chief criminal court of the empire, and the 
emperor, as the head of the senate, was the final court of appeal. 

— compressa . . . seditio : cf. Suet. Tib. 37 ; also Tac. Ann. I. 77. 

3. suspicit : literally, looks up to, i.e. esteems. — potentem hu- 
milis : the use of the masc. sing, adjective as a substantive is rare. 

— Diffusa . . . immunes : Merivale commends Tiberius' method 
of governing the provinces, because he avoided frequent changes 
among the officials and did not regard the provincials as " prostrate 
enemies, but as the children of the state." Of his treatment of 
foreign foes, Suetonius (Tib. 37) says : Beges infestos suspectosque 
comminationibus magis et querelis, quam vi, repressit. — meri- 
diano : very rare as a substantive. 

4. Restitutae . . . Asiae : twelve (according to one inscription 
fourteen) cities of the province of Asia were overthrown by an 
earthquake, 17 a.d. Tiberius aided these cities by gifts of money 
and by remitting taxes. Cf. Tac. Ann. II. 47. — vindicatae . . . 
provinciae : cf. Suet. Tib. 32, Praesidibus, onerandas tributo pro- 
las suadentibus, rescripsit: i Boni pastoris esse, tondere pecus, 

non deglubereS " A good shepherd ought to shear his sheep and 
not flay them." — sera . . . aliqua : " slow but sure." 

nam . . . docet: cf. Cic. Off. I. 18, sic officii conservandi 
praecepta tradantur ilia quidem, ut facimus ipsi ; and Iuv. Sat. 14. 
31-33. 

127. Sejanus becomes the favorite of Tiberius. 

1. ut . . . Laeliis : C. Laelius was the friend and companion 
of the elder Africanus in his campaigns in Spain and Africa in the 



BOOK II. CHAP. 138. 149 

second Pu C. Laelius Sapient d of the pree 

ntimste asi : the younger Africamn 

::i. — et proxime ab ec — Statilio Tauro : 

1 and 26 b.c. He was prefect of the city under Augustus. 
• _ 

- ::eque . . . defecit : the reading of AP, but regarded as 
doubtful by many editors. The following may be taken as the 

In small affairs, as in great ones, there is 
need of proper assistan 

Seianum Aelium : L. Aelius Sejanus was the son of Seius 
Strabo, a Roman knight. His mother belonged to the Junian 
family. He became a member of the Aelian gens by adoption. 
:ght years he was the favorite, and prime minister of Tibe- 
rius. He persuaded the latter to retire to Capreae while he re- 
mained in Rome at the head of the government. He was consul, 
31 a.d., during which year he was detected in a plot to kill Tiberius. 
In accordance with the emperor's command, he was condemned by 
riiate and immediately put to death. See on ut iuvenes . . . 
130. 3. For his character, cf . Tac. Ann. IV. 1 ; for an 
account of his death, Iuv. Sat. 10. 56-113. — consobrinos: conso- 
brinus became cosinus in Low Latin ; whence 0. Fr. cosin, Eng. 
. — laboris . . . capacissimum : Tacitus says (Ann. IV. 
1-), corpus illi labontrn tolerans. On other points, Tacitus and 
rius do not agree. Tacitus paints Sejanus in very much 
darker colors, and probably gives us a more accurate picture of 
him. 

4. acta . . . simillimum : observe the oxymoron. 
12 S. Excursus on eminent Romans of humble origin. 
1. In huius . . . certant : the state has long vied icith th>: 
peror in entertaining a favorable opinion of his virtues. — putandi : 
gerund. — bellum Punicum: the first Punic War, 264-241 b.c. — 
annos trecentos : round numbers. — Ti. Coruncanium : consul, 
280 b.c. ; pontifex maxim us, 2-52. He was the first plebeian to 
hold the latter office. Cicero refers to him in Cato Maior, as a true 
Roman of the old type. — hominem novum: a noi-us homo was 
the first of his family to hold a curule office (i.e. the office of 
aedile, praetor, or consul). 

- Sp. Carvilium : consul, _ — M. Catonem: Cato, the 



150 NOTES. 

censor ; b. 234, d. 140 b.c. ; consul, 105 ; censor, 184. — Tusculo : 
about thirteen miles southeast of Koine, near the modern FrascatL 
Cicero had a villa there. — novum . . . inquilinum : a new man 
also, not a native of the c%, but bom at Tusculum. Cf. Sail. Cat. 
31. 7, 31. Tullius, inquilinus civis urbis Bomae. — Mummium : 
L. Mummius was consul 146 b.c, in which year he took Corinth 
and gained his surname, Achaicus. See on Corinthus, 84. 2. 

3. ignotae : obscure, humble. — ad . . . consulatum : in his 
fifth consulship, 101 b.c, Marius gained his famous victory over 
the Cimbri at Vercellae. In his sixth, while attempting constitu- 
tional reforms, he displayed such an utter lack of statesmanship, 
that his consulship was a practical failure, and he lost the favor of 
both senate and people. — adsentatione : generally in the sense 
of flattery, rarely, as here, approbation. We would expect adsen- 
sione. Cf. adsentabatur, 48. 1, and see note. — in . . . tribuen- 
dum : cf. the speech of Canuleius, Liv. 4. 3, in favor of the 
election of plebeians to the consulship. 

4. naturalis : agrees with imitatio. 

129. Rhascupolis called to Rome. Triumph of Germanicus. 
Maroboduus allured to Rome. Mutiny in Gaul suppressed. Close 
of the African war. 

1. proposita . . . forma: ablative absolute. — Rhascupolim: 
so in Suet. Tib. 37 ; in Tac. Ann. II. 64-67, Rhescuporis. Augustus 
divided Thrace between Rhascupolis and Cotys, the nephew of 
Rhascupolis. After the accession of Tiberius to the throne, Cotys 
was put to death by his uncle. Rhascupolis was finally banished 
to Alexandria, where he was put to death, 10 a.d. — Flacci Pom- 
ponii: Pomponius Elaccus was consul, 17 a.d., and governor of 
Moesia in the year 10. He induced Rhascupolis to enter his camp 
and then seized him and sent him to Rome. — nati . . . gloriam : 
Suetonius (Tib. 42) and Tacitus (Ann. II. 66) speak disparagingly 
of Flaccus. 

2. Drusi Libonis : Drusus Libo, consul 16 a.d., was a member 
of the noble Scribonian gens. He was influenced by soothsayers 
to aspire to the throne. After conclusive proof of his designs, 
Tiberius summoned him before the senate. Drusus, finding him- 
self abandoned by his friends, took his own life. Cf. Suet. Tib. 
25; Tac. Ann. II. 27*82. — ingratum : he was made praetor and 



BOOK II. CHAP. 128, 129, 130. 151 

consul by Tiberius, and was treated with an outward show of kind- 
ness even after his treasonable designs had been suspected. — tri- 
umphi : Germanicus received the honor of a triumph, 17 a.d. I It- 
had recovered the eagles of Varus. The medals commemorating 
the triumph bore the inscription : S ignis reeeptta I - 1 rmanis. 

3. congiariis: the congiarium was originally a gift of a congins 
(about six pints) of oil, wine, or food. Later the term signified a 
gift of money. When given to the soldiers it was called donativum. 
— senatonimque . . . explevit: cf. Tac. Ann. II. 37, Census- 
que quorundam senatorum iuvit. He aided senators in acquiring 
sufficient property to maintain their senatorial dignity. The census 
senatorum is put by some authorities at 800,000 sesterces, by 
others at 1,000,000, i.e. 840,000 or 850,000. — invitaret : encour- 
aged. — Quanto . . . provincias : Germanicus was sent, 17 a.d., 
to the East to look after Roman interests in Cappadocia andCilicia, 
to correct abuses in Judaea and Syria, and to overawe the Parthians 
on the frontier. He was given extraordinary powers to enable him 
to accomplish the objects of his mission. Cf. Tac. Ann. II. 43. — 
Druso : Drusus was sent at the same time to Illyricum and the 
Danubian frontier. — Maroboduum : see on 108. 1. — terrae : 
locative. See H. p. 229, foot-note 1; Roby, II. 1168. — medica- 
mentis: charms. — ilium: Maroboduus. — Sacroviro . . . Iulio : 
Sacrovir, an Aeduan, Julius Florus, a Treviran, Roman citizens by 
adoption, excited the Gauls to rebellion, 21 a.d. Failing in their 
plans, the leaders took their own lives. For an account of this 
insurrection, cf. Tac. Ann. III. 40-46. 

4. bellum Africum : 17 a.d., the Romans under Furius Camillus 
defeated Tacfarinas who had excited a rebellion in Africa. Three 
years later the war was renewed, but the Romans prevailed, and 
Blaesus, the governor of Africa, 21 a.d., won the honor of a 
triumph. Cf. 125. 5. 

130. Munificence of Tiberius. Crimes of Drusus Libo. Death 
of the sons, grandson, and mother of Tiberius. 

1. Quanta . . . opera : Tacitus (Ann. VI. 45. 2) and Sue- 
tonius (Tib. 47) say that Tiberius undertook only the building of 
the temple of Augustus and the restoration of the theatre of Poin- 
pey. But Suetonius also says (Tib. 20) that he dedicated the 
temples of Concord, and Castor and Pollux. It is probable that 



152 NOTES. 

the restoration of temples, undertaken by Augustus and left un- 
finished at his death, was completed by Tiberius. He also built a 
triumphal arch in honor of the recovery of the standards of Varus, 
and enlarged the imperial palace. — Pompei munera: Pompey's 
theatre. 

2. incenso . . . Caelio : this fire occurred, 27 a.d. For an 
account of Tiberius' generosity and the attempt to change the 
name of the hill and call it in honor of Augustus, see Tac. Ann. IV. 
04. — rem : see on 09. 0. 

3. mediocritas : see on 111. 3. — Silium : C. Silius commanded 
the Romans against Sacrovir in the Gallic insurrection, 21 a.d. He 
was charged with negligence in not preventing the outbreak in 
Gaul, and was also accused of dishonesty and extortion. To avoid 
conviction he committed suicide, 24 a.d. — Pisonem: Cn. Calpur- 
nius Piso was consul with Tiberius, 7 B.C. He was governor of 
Syria, 18 a.d. Accused of poisoning Germanicus, he was com- 
pelled to return to Rome to defend himself, but despairing of ac- 
quittal, took his own life. See Tac. Ann. III. 15, 16. — infestos 
. . . quorum : supplied by Burmann. — ut . . . filios : Germani- 
cus and Drusus. See on Germanicus, 116. 1. For the death of 
Drusus, 23 a.d., cf. Tac. Ann. IV. 8. 1. After the downfall of 
Sejanus, 31 a.d., his complicity in the poisoning of Drusus was 
made public by Apicata, the divorced wife of Sejanus. — nepotem 
. . . Druso : the young son of Drusus died in the same year as 
his father, — not without the suspicion of poison. 

4. Dolenda . . . erubescenda : gerundives used substantively. 
Cf. audendis, 56. 4. — nuru: Agrippina, the wife of Germanicus, 
was banished to Pandataria, 30 a.d., where she died, three years 
later, of voluntary starvation. — nepote : Nero, the son of Ger- 
manicus and Agrippina, was banished to the island of Pontia. 

5. amissa mater : Livia, the widow of Augustus and mother of 
Tiberins, died 29 a.d., at the age of 86. Cf. Tac. Ann. V. 1. 6, 
Laudata est pro rostris a Gaio Caesar e pronepote, qui mox rerum 
potitus est. 

131. Conclusion. Prayer for the safety and prosperity of the 
Emperor and Empire. 

1. Iuppiter Capitoline: Jupiter was so called from the Capi- 
toline hill on which his temple stood. Among the other epithets 



131. 153 

applied to him are : ms, Tar x 

Latialis. — Gradive Mars : 

to Mars as the God of war, the . or from % gra (d 

men s I nd applied to Mar- th ami «»f the 

spriiu - M ritz Miiiler on Liv. 1. 20. — Vesta: the daughter 
3 -urn, an -1 of the hearth. The sacred rlre was kept 

burning in her temple by the V« ns. Cf. Cie. X. 1). II. 

9 *Brria 
rtinet. — publica : on behalf of the state. — pacem : 
pax here signifies dominion, - - v. I. 

B. 3. It is used in this sense by Tacitus, Ann. XII. 33, qui pacem 
nostram metuebant. — nunc principem : added by Lipsius. 

2. destinate . . . serissimos : ordain successors to Tiberius 
upon the imperial throne until the latest time. — iuvate . . . con- 
fringite : the MS. was mutilated at the end. Halm completed it 
in this way. Vossius proposed, fovete aut impia opprimUe. Rhena- 
nus suggested, aut salutaria in felicem exitum provehite. 

Tiberius died on the 16th of March, 37 a. p. Whether he died a 
natural death or was. at the last, hurried out of the world by the 
aid of his attendants, cannot now be determined. For the various 
accounts of his death and the authorities, see Merivale. V. pp. 255- 
8 - Tiberius was succeeded by the son of Germanicus and 
Agrippina, Gaius Caesar, commonly known as Caligula, who 
reigned from 37 to 41 a j>. 



VARIATIONS FROM THE TEXT OF HALM. 



41, 1 peritos, 

42, 3 Iunium, 

45, 1 interemisset, ut ei, 

46, 1 ageret, 
55, 4 et certatum a, 
65, 2 conditam annis, 
65, 3 praetoriae, 
68, 1 ne immodica, 
80, 2 interpretaretur auderetque, 

89, 4 publicae, 

90, 1 etiam coaluere, 
92, 2 [sua], 

92, 2 [vetere . . . severitate], 
105, 2 ac, 
112, 3 instantes, 
116, 2 [quibusdam], 
119, 2 aut egrediendi, 
123, 2 septuagesimo sexto, 



Halm, studiosos. 

" Iuncum. 

" interemisset, ei. 

" gereret, 

" et a. 

" conditam [abhinc] annis. 

" praetoria. 

" ne modica. 

" interpretabatur audebatque. 

" publica. 

" et coaluere. 

u sua. 

" vetere . . , severitate. 

u aut. 

" instantem. 

" quamquam. 

" egrediendive. 

" septuagesimo et sexto. 



154 



CRITICAL APPENDIX. 



41, 1 antiquitatis peritos] Orelli ; antiquissimos, AP. Halm 
proposes antiquitatis studiosos, or curiosos. Haase adopts the 
reading of Bernays, monumentis antiquissimis ; Kritz, that of Aci- 
dalius, omnis constat, antiquissima. Scriner (Inaug. Diss. Utrecht, 
1879) proposes antiquitatis peritissimos, citing Cic. Brut. 56, anti- 
quitatis . . . peritus. 

42, 2 privatus] AP ; privata, Kritz ; privatim, Orelli. 

42, 3 Iunium] AP ; retained by Kritz. Plutarch (Life of Caes.) 
has the same. Halm and Haase, following Nipperdey, read 
Iuncum. 

44, 3 Iuliam] inserted by Orelli, whom Halm follows. Orelli 
thinks it was lost through the influence of the following jiliam. 
Kritz considers this possible, but omits it as unnecessary. 

45, 1 ut ei] et is the reading of AP. In the ed. Basil., 1546, it 
is ei, a reading generally followed since that time. Scriner (Inaug. 
Diss., Utrecht, 1879) inserts ut, which he thinks was lost between 
-set and ei. He cites tulit, ut 44. 4 and 45. 4. 

46, 1 ageret] so Kritz and Haase after AP. Halm reads gereret, 
proposed by Stanger. - 

48, 4 [voluptatibus vel libidinibus]] so Halm and Haase. Re- 
garded as a gloss by Gruter ; genuine by Kritz and Orelli. 

48, 6 quieta aut certe non praecipitata'] after quieta, Lipsius 
inserted ea, referring to re publica ; Madvig, following Ruhnken, 
civitate after praecipitata. Either of the proposed readings seems 
reasonable, and suggests the proper interpretation of the passage. 
Kritz punctuates sine periculo quieta, aut certe non praecipitata. 

49, 2 nomine] Halm follows Gronovius in adopting nomine in 
place of non, the reading of AP. Kritz and Haase retain non, 
punctuating causae, non Pompeio. Scriner proposes consensu uno 
for causae nomine. 

155 



156 CRITICAL APPENDIX. 

51, 3 in Hispania ex ci re] Halm and Kritz after Morgenstern ; 
Hispaniae Asiae, AP ; Hispaniensis, Lipsius ; Hispaniensi cive, 
Burmann. 

52, 4 dimitteret * * *] Halm and Kritz. Ruhnken inserts prae- 
cones clamantes parce civibus after omnes partes. Halm suggests 
as a possible improvement on this emendation signum, or tesseram, 
between clamantes and parce, citing Suet. Caes. 75, Acie Pharsa- 
lica proclamavit lit civibus parceretur, Kritz thinks a line has 
fallen out after dimitteret, indicating what men were sent and for 
what purpose. Orelli holds that the lost words refer to Brutus. 
Scriner proposes dimittere Martem iuberet. 

52, 6 in ilia . . . quam quod] Halm after Haase ; ilia . . . 
quando, AP, which Kritz follows. 

54, 1 summorum imperatorum, alteri mortuo~] Halm ; summo 
imperatorum, AP. summorum Halm after Mommsen and alteri 
mortuo after Lipsius ; Haase [mortuo, alteri] ; Kritz follows AP 
and takes utrique as nom. plu. , referring summo . . . superstiti to 
Caesar. 

54, 2 vivebat] Kritz, Haase, and Halm after Heinsius; Iubae, AP. 

55, 4 restituta, et certatum a] proposed by Scriner, who right- 
fully holds that restituta fortius would be meaningless. He was led 
to this emendation by the suggestion of Kritz that acies restituta 
implied pugnatum est, restitutae sunt a, AP ; restitutae C. A. is 
the reading of M, from which Orelli conjectured restituta, et a, and 
Halm, Haase, and Kritz adopted his reading. 

58, 2 Turn] cum, AP and Kritz ; Turn, Halm after Haase. 

59, 1 per se nitet] Halm, following Burmann, for praevenit et, 
AP ; praenitet, Kritz after Heinsius. Haase proposes sic praecipiti, 
citing in hac tarn praecipiti festinatione, I. 16. 1. 

59, 5 ordinem ac rationem] Halm and Haase after Muncker. 
ordinationem, AP. Kritz follows ed. Basil., 1546, and reads ordi- 
nem, citing 119. 1 and Tac. Ann. IV. 69. 5. He thinks ordinationem 
in AP due to the mistake of a copyist in regarding ordinem as an 
abbreviation instead of a complete word. 

60, 4 vitiatisque corrupti commentarii] Halm, Kritz, and Orelli 
after Cludius. civitatibusque corruptis commentariis, A P. Ruhn- 
ken called this, "locus prope desperatus," and proposed vitiatique 
et corrupti commentarii. 



CRITICAL APPENDIX. 157 

62, 8 pari] Burmann reads parato. intentus and paratus are 
often joined. 

63, 1 a] added by Heinsius. 

64, 2 primus] Halm, Kritz, and A ; primis, P : in primis, Haase. 
Heinsius proposed cui cum in primis, 

64, 4 ut satiato] ut proposed by Halm ; veL AP ; velut, Kritz and 
Haase, following Puteanus. 

65, 2 Turn igitur] Halm ; tur, AP ; * * igitur, Haase ; Igitur, 
Kritz. 

65,2 conditam annis] so Gelenius ; conditam [abhinc] annis, 
Halm; abhinc, AP, but omitted in ed. Basil., 1540, which Kritz 
follows. 

65, 3 praetoriae] ed. Basil., 1546, and adopted by Gelenius 
because of praeturae 92. 4 ; praptoria Halm, Haase, and Kritz. 

68. 1 ne immodica quidem re] immodica (in modica, P) qui< 
AP. Aldus proposed ne modica quidem re, which Halm adopts in 
his text, but suggests, in a note, ne immodica quidem re (or fide). 
Orelli reads cum ne in otio quidem servari ; Haase, cum in modica 
quidem * * *. 

74. 2 iussa] Halm, following Heinsius ; iuste, AP. Kritz, after 
Ruhnken, reads instituta. Sauppe proposes in ista. Heinsius' 
reading is the best, as it deviates very little from the MS. ; it cor- 
responds with the following nominatis, and is historically accurate. 

75, 1 doctissimique~] AP and Halm. Ruhnken proposed promp- 
tissimique as more appropriate, and cited, for its use with ingenium, 
Tac. Ann. I. 23, ob promptum ingenium. fortissimique, Orelli. 
Kritz and Haase follow AP. 

75, 3 arma minus] minus is the emendation of Vossius for nus, 
MP (omitted in A). Kritz follows Ruhnken in reading manus in 
place of arma minus. Ruhnken thought ma and nus were sepa- 
rated, and by a mistake of the copyist a new word was made, 
arma, and nus allowed to remain. Scriner proposes mariti before 
arma to correspond With filium below. He thinks it might have 
fallen out very easily before arma, which he regards as genuine. 

79,4 Pompeianae] Halm after Heinsius; adversae. Ruhnken. 
hostilis has also been proposed. Kritz follows Ms. reading, and 
does not supply any word. He thinks the omission due to Vel- 
leius' carelessness and not to the fault of the copyist. 



158 CRITICAL APPENDIX. 

80, 2 interpretaretur auderetque] proposed by Ruhnken because 
of ut before inutilis. Kritz and Halm retain the MS. reading, 
indie, impf., and follow Grubitz and Haase in regarding it an 
example of anaeoluthon. 

81, '2 coloniae**] Haase supplies concessi enim veteranis agri, 
qui civibus coloniae ems relicti erant publici. Halm prefers vete- 
ranis in agros deductis, qui coloniae eius relicti erant publici. 
Each relies upon the authority of Dion Cassius. Either of the 
proposed readings suggests the probable sense of the passage. 

82, 1 sepelivit in Sicilia helium] Halm and Haase a f Xer Ruhn- 
ken ; Libium in Sicilia Bh (bene, P), AP. Kritz practically agrees 
with Ruhnken, but prefers finivit to sepelivit. 

82, 1 mitis, saeviit] Halm following Haupt ; militavit, AP ; 
mutavit, Ruhnken ; inclinavit, Kritz. 

82, 4 succinctus] Halm, Haase, and AP. Ruhnken proposed 
subnixus, which Kritz adopted, citing in its favor Hor. A. P. 280, 
nitique cothurno. 

88, 2 f pene~] Halm ; pene, AP ; insigni, Kritz ; fine, Heinsius ; 
specie, Zumpt. Halm, in a note, proposes subtemine, or mensura. 
Scriner's reading, clavi tunica contentus is the best yet suggested. 

90, 1 etiam coalziere] et coram aliero, AP. Halm, following 
Bergk, reads et coaluere, but in a note suggests etiam as possibly 
better than et. Kritz follows Haase, ut concordia invaluere. eo 
curante serio y Vossius. 

90, 1 annos'] added by Orelli and adopted by Halm, Haase, and 
Kritz. 

91, 1 iure] Halm, Haase, and Kritz after Orelli ; viro, AP. In 
a note Halm proposes inlustre for illi iure. Popma conjectured 
illi prima , Ruhnken, illi vere ; Burmann, illi viva. 

91, 4 abditusque carceri] Halm and Haase, following AP : car- 
cere Krause and Kritz. Acidalius conjectured addictusque carceri. 
Kritz regards the case as abl., even if the form be carceri. Neue 
(I. p. 241) takes carceri as genuine, and explains the dat. as a 
Greek construction, citing Verg. Aen. II. 553, lateri abdidit ensem. 

92, 2 [sua]] Ruhnken followed by Krause omits, taking prae- 
sentia as an adj. modifying bona. The following suae certainly 
makes sua doubtful. 

92, 2 [vetere consilium rr\ore ac severitate]] retained by Kritz 



CRITICAL APPENDIX. 159 

and Halm, but regarded as a gloss by Krause and Cludius. It 
seems better to regard it a gloss, than to think Velleius guilty of 
repetition and careless writing. 

96, 2 consulari] Kritz, followed by Halm and Haase ; COSS, 
AP ; Lipsius proposed Marco Vinicio, avo tuo, consule, and this 
reading was adopted by Ruhnken, Krause, and others, consulari 
is more accurate historically, than consule. 

97, 2 perficit] Halm and Kritz after Lipsius. percipit, AP and 
Haase. 

99, 4 Rhodum deverterint] added by Halm to whom it was sug- 
gested by Suet. Tib. 12, nemine cum imperio aut magistratu ten- 
dente quoquam, quin deverteret Rhodum. The reading of AP is 
gratia ad quern convenientes ; Kritz and Haase, ad eum conve- 
nientes. 

102, 2 G-aius] added by Krause, whom Halm, Haase, Kritz, and 
Orelli follow ; omitted in AP. 

105, 1 gentis eius Arminius] Halm and Haase after Fr. Jacob 
(progr. Lubec, 1832) ; gentis (-tes, P) et inamninus (inamrninus, 
MA), AP ; gens utinam minus, Kritz following Frohlich. Scriner 
proposes ingenti et immani mox nostra clade nobiles. 

105, 2 ac] proposed in a note by Halm, but not in his text. 
aut desidem, P and Kritz ; Andesidem, A. 

107, 1 conatumque] Halm ; motumque, MA ; motum, P ; sub 
obiectum motumque, Kritz ; sub omnem molem motumque, Krause. 

109, 1 corpus suum custodientium imperium] Halm after Mad- 
vig ; corpus suum custodia turn imperium, AP; Corpus sui custo- 
ditum wiperi, Kritz ; corpus suorum custodia cinctum, Haase ; 
corpus saeptum custodia; turn imperium, Orelli. Xo one of the 
many emendations proposed is entirely satisfactory. 

109, 1 lacesseret, et si] supplied by Rhenanus. nos lacesseret et 
super esse, Kritz. 

109, 1 ostenderet] omitted in AP ; added by Burmann. 

109, 5 nomen est)] Lipsius added duceret because of the preced- 
ing ut. Lemaire held that ducere below rendered it unnecessary. 
He regarded it as an example of anacoluthon, but thought the 
meaning clear. Kritz accepts Lemaire's view. 

110, 1 interdum, interdum~\ Halm after Heinsius ; iter dum. A. 
Ruhnken thinks it unnecessary to repeat the word. 



160 CRITICAL APPENDIX. 

110, 2 aberat, legionesque quas] supplied by Haupt, who thus 
emended a very perplexing passage. 

110, 4 se effuderat] Halm, Haase, and Kritz, following Ruhn- 
ken ; effugerat, AP. 

111, 1 prompte] added by Halm ; ex pollicitation, Ruhnken. 
Kritz adopts the reading suggested by Hottinger, operae. Pollici- 
tati omnia. Haec. 

112, 2 [hostium']] P ; omitted in A. 

112, 3 instantes'] Acidalius and Kritz. Halm follows AP, in- 
stantem. The plural accords better with facientibus ; it erives more 
uniformity to the construction with neque . . . neque. 

116, 1 incultos~\ Halm following Heinsius ; multos, AP and Kritz. 

116,2 [quibusdani\] quibusdam, AP ; bracketed by Haase; 
quamquam, Halm; quamvis, Kritz after Bo the. 

116, 3 Aelius Lamia] Halm, Haase, and Kritz, following Ruhn- 
ken ; etiam, AP. 

116, 4 ne . . . praeferens] almost hopelessly corrupt, ne (me, A) 
nihil non (non om. P) optimo civi (civis, A) simplicissimo duel 
perisset, MAP. Halm proposes nihil non quod viro optimo, civi 
simplicissimo, duci peritissimo competeret. Kritz reads (quern vir- 
ion ne qui intellexit quidem abunde miratus est, ut nihil non optimo 
civi, simplicissimo duci perisset) praereptus immature et. Halm 
follows Orelli in reading morte. 

117, 1 ne occupato duce**sed~\ occupato ducem et causa persona, 
AP. Of this reading Kritz says : quae aperte ita sunt lacunosa, ut 
frustra quae exciderunt revocare studeas. Vossius proposes ne 
occupato duce in debellandis Pannoniis, victores Germani Us se 
coniungerent. Sed causa et persona moram exigit. In supplying 
these words he follows Suet. Tib. 17, Nam sub id fere tempus Quin- 
tilius Varus cum tribus legionibus in Germania periit ; nemine 
dubitante, quin victores Germani iuncturi se Pannoniis fuerint, 
nisi debellatum prius Illyricum esset. Halm thinks ne occupato 
duce tanta clades inferretur sufficient. 

119, 2 aut egrediendi] Kritz following Haase. egrediendice, 
Halm after Vossius. egregie, P ; egredie, MA ; aut, MAP. Halm 
departs from the MS. reading more than is necessary. 

122, 2 expectato] added by Halm ; voto ocius, Burmann ; ocius, 
P ; totius, MA. 



CRITICAL APPENDIX. 161 

123, 2 septuagesimo sexto'] P and Kritz, Haase, ttulmken. 
Halm follows A in reading septuagesimo et sexto. 

125,4 ignomt] ignave, AP; gnace, Ilaase; egit guave, Ruhn- 
ken. Halm and Kritz follow the Bipontine ed., ignovit. Kritz 

praises this emendation because it departs so little from the MS. 
reading, and is grammatically and historically correct. 



INDEX TO THE NOTES. 



abhinc annos, 90. 2. 

ablative, of specification, 41. 1 ; of 
time, 44. 5 and 98. 2 ; after a verb 
of accusing, 45. 5 ; absolute with 
veluti, 47. 3 ; with pro, 72. 5 ; ab- 
solute with quasi, 100. 5; abso- 
lute, 108. 1 and 129. 1; after 
amplius, 110. 3; termination of 
pres. part., 116. 3. 

abstract nouns in the plural, 44. 2. 

accusative, adverbial, 46. 2 and 119. 
4; of time between two events, 
48. 2 ; in apposition with a clause, 
69. 6 and 130. 2; of specification, 
83. 2 ; cognate, 83. 2 ; with mode- 
rari, 94. 3 ; with tempero, 107. 1, 

Achaia, 77. 2. 

Achillas, 53. 2. 

Actium, 84. 1 ; 85. 1. 

Adduo, 102. 2. 

adeo nemo, 67. 1. 

adeo non, 66. 4. 

adjinitas, 100. 4. 

adhuc, 103. 3. 

adjectives, comparison of two qual- 
ities of same object, 50. 3; in- 
stead of a noun in the genitive, 
50. 3 ; neuter plural used substan- 
tively, 53. 2 and 63. 1 ; adjective 
and preposition, with adverbial 
force, 70. 2 ; 109. 2 ; 112. 6 ; dative 
of neuters used substantively, 
75. 2 ; agreeing with genitive in- 
stead of the governing noun, 83. 
2; 91. 3; 120. 3. 

adire nomen, 60. 1. 



adiutorium, 112. 4. 

adoption, 59. 1 ; 103. 4. 

adsentari, 48. 1. 

adsentatio, 128. 3. 

adsero, 60. 1. 

adverb, with substantive, 46. 4 ; 88. 

3; 90. 4; adverbial phrase, 96. 3. 
adversari, 48. 1. 
Aelius Lamia, 116. 3. 
Afranius, L., 48. 1. 
Africa, war in, 129. 4. 
Africus, 79. 3. 
agere aemulum, 109. 2. 
Agrippa, M., 59. 5 ; 79. 1 ; death, 96. 

1. 
Agrippa Postumus, M., 10i. 1 ; 112. 

7. 
Agrippina, 130. 4. 
Albis, 106. 2. 
Alesia, 47. 1. 
Alexander, 41. 1. 
Alexandria, 53. 1; 88.1. 
Aliso, 120. 4. 
Altinum, 76. 2. 
ambo, 66. 1. 
amnesty, 58. 4. 
Amyntas, 84. 2. 
anaphora, 114. 2. 
Ancyranum, Monumentum, 89. 4. 
animus, 112. 7. 
ante, 49. 3. 

antecedent, in relative clause, 42. 2. 
antiquus, 49. 3; 52. 4. 
Antistius, 43. 4 ; 8 
Antonius, C, 69. •>. 
Antonius, lulus, 100. 4. 



163 



164 



INDEX TO THE NOTES. 



Antonius, L., 74. 2. 
Antonius, M.. 56. 4; (53.1. 
Antyllus, 87. 2. 

an-a£ Aeyo^eva, CCteruIeotUS, 83. 2 ; 

adject issimus, 84. 1; mixtissi- 
mus, 98. 3; drcumnavigo, 106. 3; 
subrefectas, 123. 2. 

Apicata, 130. 3. 

Apollo, temple of, 81. 3. 

Apollonia, 59. 4. 

apparatus, 56. 2. 

apposition, partitive, 104. 3 ; 113. 3. 

appositive, with concessive force, 
80.2. 

Apronius, L., 116. 3. 

Armenia, 94. 4. 

Arminius, 105. 1 ; 117. 2; 118. 2. 

Armntius, L., 77. 3. 

Artavasdes, 82. 3; 94.4. 

Asia, Roman province, 42. 1. 

Asprenas, L. Nonius, 120. 3. 

asyndeton, 103. 5. 

at, 64. 3. 

athletae, 123. 1. 

Atia, 59. 2. 

Attuarii, 105. 1. 

Augustus, 91. 1 ; received trib. po- 
testas, 99. 1; forum of, 100. 2; 
divorced Scribonia, 100. 5; long 
experience, 110. 6; grief over the 
defeat of Varus, 120. 1 ; death, 
123. 2 ; his tomb, 124. 3 ; nomina- 
tion of candidates, 124. 4. 

auspicari, 101. 3. 

auspices, 115. 3. 

Avernus, 79. 2. 

avunculus, 59. 3. 

Bacchus, 82. 4. 

Balbus, L. Cornelius, 51. 3. 

Bato, 110. 4. 

Beneventum, 123. 1. 

Bibulus, M., 44. 5. 

bimus, 75. 3. 

Bithynia, 42. 3. 

Blaesus, Q. Junius, 125. 5. 

Bohemia, 109. 5. 



Boii, 109. 5. 

Bosporus, the Thracian, 101. 3. 

Bovillae, 47. 4. 

Brennus, 71. 3. 

Bructeri, 105. 1. 

Brundusium, 50. 1. 

Brutus, D. Junius, 56. 3. 

Brutus, M. Junius, 52. 5 ; 62. 2. 

Caecina, A., 112. 4. 

Caelius Rufus, M., 68. 1. 

Caepio, 91. 2. 

Caesar, C. Julius, 41. 1, 2, 3; priest 

of Jupiter, 43. 1 ; life ot, 43. 3, 4 ; 

battles of, 47. 1 ; ambition of, 49. 

3; destitution of, 51. 2; defeat at 

Ruspina, 55. 1; triumphs, 47. 1 

and 56. 2. 
Caesar, Gaius, 99. 2; sent to the 

East, 101. 1, 2; death, 102. 3. 
Caesar, Lucius, 99. 2. 
Caesar, L. Julius, 67. 3. 
Caesarion, 82. 4; 87. 2. 
Calatia, 61. 2. 
Calphurnia, 57. 2; 88.3. 
Calvinus, Cn. Domitius, 78. 3. 
Camelus, 64. 1. 
Campania, 75. 1. 
Campus Martius, 92. 3 ; 126. 2. 
Canidius, 85. 2 ; 87. 3. 
Canninefates, 105. 1. 
Cannutius, 64. 3. 
canoe, 107. 1. 
Capito, Fonteius, 69. 5. 
Capua, 44. 4. 
capto, 50. 3. 
captus, 104. 3. 
carinae, 77. 1. 
Carnutum, 109. 5. 
Carvilius, Sp., 128. 2. 
Casilinum, 61. 2. 
Cassel, 109. 5. 
Cassius, C., 46. 4; 62. 2. 
Cassius, Parmensis, 87. 3. 
castigatio, 114. 3. 

Cato", M. Porcius, 45. 4; 54. 3; 71. 1. 
Cato, the Censor, 128. 2. 



INDEX TO THE NOTES. 



165 



Catulus, Q., 43. 3. 

Cat us, Sex. Aelius, 103. 3. 

celsitudo, 94. 2. 

Censorinus, C. Marcius, 102. 1. 

census senatorum, 129. 3. 

centuria praerogativa, 92. 4. 

centurion, the first, 78. 3. 

cervix, 69. 2. 

Cestius, see Macedonicus. 

Chatti, 109. 5. 

Chauci, IOC). 1. 

Cherusci, 105. 1. 

chiasmus, 78. 2; 100. 3; 103. 2; 115. 

5 ; 120. 5 ; 126. 2. 
children, of proscribed, 43. 4. 
Cicero, banishment of, 45. 3 ; death, 
66. 2; as a philosopher, 66. 5; 
imitation of, 75. 1. 
Cinna, 41. 2. 
circa, 68. 2; 92. 1. 
civilitas, 111. 4. 
classis, ablative of, 79. 1. 
Claudia, 65. 2. 
clavus, angustus, 88. 2. 
Cleopatra, 82. 4 ; death, 87. 1. 
Clodius, P., 45. 1. 
comitia, 92. 3. 
Compsa, 68. 3. 
conciens, 74. 2. 
conditio, 50. 1. 
confiscation, of lands, 74. 2. 
congiarium, 129. 3. 
conlido, 52. 3. 
consobrinus, 127. 3. 
consularis, 51. 3. 
contentio, 43. 3. 
conversatio, 102. 3. 
Corfinium, 50. 1. 
Corinth, 84. 2. 

Cornelia, wife of Pompey, 54. 3. 
Cornificius, 79. 4. 
corona classica, 81. 3. 
Coruncanius, Ti., 128. 1. 
Cossus, 116. 2. 
Cotta, C. Aurelius, 43. 1. 
Cotta, Lucius, 112. 2. 



Crassus, M., 14. 1. 

Crete, lands in, -si. 2. 

Crispus, Q. Marcius, 69. 2. 

crucifixion, 42. .">. 

cum quo, 86. 4. 

Curio, C. Scribonius, 18. 3; 55. 1. 

Cybele, 60. 4. 

Danube, 110. 1. 

dative, after rapio, 66. 4; after 
secundus, 76. 1; of reference 
6; with disrideo, 80. 2; after tub- 
traho, 86. 3: with abdo, 91. 4; 
with tempera, 107. 1 ; in place of 
ad with the accusative, 109. 2; 
with alieno, 112. 7. 
December, 105. 3. 
Dellius, Q.,84. 2. 
demereri, 102. 1. 
demonstrative, for reflexive, 65. 1 ; 

68.5. 
deponent verbs, used passively, 87. 

1 ; 113. 3. 
deporto, 62. 3. 
depudet, 73. 3. 
Desidiates, 115. 4. 
destituo, 42. 1. 
dictito, 60. 2. 
dies, 42. 2. 
difficile, 63. 3. 
dignatio, 52. 2; 59. 2. 
dimitto, 41. 2: 48. 1. 
dissimilis, 55. 2. 
Dolabella, 43. 3. 
Dolabella, P. Cornelius, 58. 3. 
Dolabella, P., 125. 5. 
Domitius, Cn., 72. 3. 
Domitius, L., 50. 1. 
donativum, 129. 3. 
Drusus, Claudius, 125. 4: 130. 3. 
Drusus Germanicus, Claudius, 95. 

1 ; 97. 2, 3, 4. 
Drusus Libo, 129. 2. 
Drusus, L. Livius, 71. 3. 
dum, 57. 1. 
dynastes, 51. 1. 
Pyrrachinm, 49. 4 ; 51. 3. 



166 



INDEX TO THE NOTES. 



eagle, of the legion, 80. 3. 
effusus, 41. 1; 43. 1. 
Egypt, 53. 1. 

ellipsis, 72. 2 ; 80. 4. 

ep id urn, 56. 1. 

et. 65. 1. 

Euphrates, 46. 4. 

evadere, 42. 1. 

evocatus, 70. 2. 

executor, 45. 1. 

exercitium, 109. 1. 

fades, 70. 2. 

fatalis, 48. 6 ; 52. 1. 

Fate, 103. 1. 

finis, 123. 2. 

fires, in Rome, 91. 3; 130. 2. 

flamen dialis, 43. 1. 

flattery, charge of, 107. 2. 

Fiavus, L. Caesetius, 68. 4. 

Florus, Julius, 129. 3. 

fortuna, sua, 51. 2; 55. 1; 97. 4. 

Fortune, 53. 2; 103.1. 

fulgenti, 106. 1. 

Fuivia, 74. 3. 

fungi morte, 48. 6. 

fustuarium, 78. 3. 

Gallus, L. Caninius, 100. 2. 

Gaul, decreed to Caesar, 44. 5 ; 46. 

2. 
genitive, plural of stems in tat-, 42. 

2; of indefinite value, 51. 3; 

predicate possessive, 69. 2; 108. 

2; objective, 86. 3; of quality, 

93. 1 ; with capax, 93. 1 ; apposi- 

tional, 96. 1; with securus, 109. 

4. 
gens, 96. 3. 
Germania, 97. 4. 
Germanicus, 116. 1; 129. 2, 3; 130. 

3. 
Germans, checked, 97. 3. 
gerundive, for verbal in -bills, 46. 

1 ; 100. 2 ; used substantively, 130. 

4. 
Getae, 59. 4. 
Glaucus, 83. 2. 



Gracchus, Sempronius, 100. 5. 

gratis, 48. 4. 

Greek construction, 76. 4; 80. 3. 

hercule, 52. 2. 

Hermunduri, 106. 2. 

Hiempsal, 53. 1. 

Hirtius, A., 57. 1; 61.4. 

hodieque, 61. 3. 

Hortensius, Q., 48. 6; son of, 71. 2. 

humilis, 60. 2. 

hyperbole, 103. 4. 

iam, 114. 2. 

immunis, 46. 2. 

impedimenta, 82. 2. 

imperator, 59. 2. 

in, final, 41. 2 ; 85. 1 ; frequent use 

in expressions of time, 44. 4. 
indemnatus, 45. 1. 
indicative, in place of subjunctive, 

52. 2; 94. 2; in oratio obliqua, 

117. 3. 
indutus, 41. 2. 
ineluctabilis, 57. 3. 
inferi, 48. 2. 

infinitive, with contentus, 49. 4. 
zri/Wi, 76. 4. 
inimitabilis, 97. 3. 
inritus, 63. 2. 
m totum, 109. 2. 
iocus,' 67. 4. 
zpse, 112. 6. 
to, 93. 1. 
iustus, 48. 5. 
iuventa, 102. 1. 
Juba, 53. 1. 

Julia Augusta, see Livia. 
Julia, daughter of Augustus, 93. 2; 

100. 5. 
Julia, daughter of Julius Caesar, 

47.2. 
Julia, wife of Marius, 41. 2. 
Jupiter, epithets of, 131. 1. 
Juventius, Laterensis, 63. 2. 
Labienus, Q., 78. 1. 
Labienus, T., 55. 1, 4. 
lacerna, 80. 3. 



INDEX TO THE NOTES. 



167 



Laelius, C. f 127. 1. 
Langobardi, 106. 2. 
Laodicia, 69. 2. 
legio t 50. I; 112. 2. 

LeLtulus, L. Cornelius, 49. 1 ; 53. 1. 

Lentulus, P. Cornelius. 53. 1. 

Lepidus, M. Aemilius, 63. 1; 80. 1. 

Lepidus, M., 114. 5. 

Leucas, <S4. 2. 

Liber, 82. 4. 

Ubrarius, 83. 1. 

library, the first public, 63. 3. 

Limyra, 102. 3. 

I inter, 107. 2. 

litotes, 101. 3. 

Livia, 71. 3; 75. 3; 94. 1 ; 130. 5. 

locative, 129. 3. 

locus, plural of, 107. 3. 

Lollius, M., 97. 1. 

Ionr/e, 45. 5; 51. 3. 

Lucan, imitation of Yelleius, 69. 6. 

Lucrine Lake, 79. 2. 

Lucullus, L. Licinius, 48. 6 ; son of, 

71. 2. 
Lucullus, Iff., 48.6. 
Lupercalia, 56. 4. 
Lupia, 105. 3. 
Lycians, the, 69. 6. 
Macedonia, 59. 2. 
Maeedonicus, 74. 4. 
Maecenas, C, 88. 2. 
Mancinus, C. Hostilius, 90. 3. 
manubiae, 56. 2. 
Marcella, 100. 4. 
Marcellus, C. Claudius, 49. 1. 
Marcellus, M. Claudius, 93. 1. 
Marcomanni, 108. 1. 
Marius, C, 41. 2; 120. 1; 128. 3. 
Maroboduus, 108. 1 ; 109. 4. 
Mars, 55. 3 ; temple of, 100. 2 ; Gra- 

divus, 131. 1. 
Marti a lef/io, 61. 2. 
Marullus, L. Epidius, 68. 4. 
Massilia, 50. 3. 
medioeritas, 111. 3. 
Menas, 73. 3. 



I Menecrates, 7 1. ".. 

I mentio (acta, 62. ~>: H5. 1. 

BfesBalinus, M. Valerius, 112. 1. 

AfessaHa, M. Valerias, 71. 1. 

Metellus, Q. < aecilius, ( Irel icui 
6. 

Metellus, Q. Caecilius, Numidi 
45.3. 

metonymy, 70. 5: 74. 4: 96. 1. 

Milo, f . Annius, 45. :): 47. 4: 68. 2. 

ministerium, 93. 2. 

Misenum, 77. 1. 

Mogontiaeum, 95. 1. 

in', us, Claudius, 112. 3. 

monumenta, 43. 4. 

mori, expressions for, 123. 2. 

///"/. 42. 1. 

malto, 109. 4. 

Mummius, L., 128.2. 

Munda, battle of, 55. 3. 

munus, 48. 2. 

Murena, 91. 2. 

Matina,61. 4. 

Mylae, 79. 4. 

names, order of, 43. 4. 

Naples, 76. 1. 

natio, 96. 3; 108. 2. 

naumachia, 5(5. 1. 

Nauportum, 110. 4. 

necessitudo, 50. 2. 

nemo, 52. 6. 

Nero, son of Germanicus, 130. 4. 

Nero, Ti. Claudius, 77. 1. 

Xerva, P. Silius, 83. 3. 

Nicomedes, 42. 3. 

yiobilis, 45. 1. 

Nola, 123. 1. 

nott,-witk the subjunctive, 86. 3. 

nota censoria, (>8. 5. 

novus homo, 128. 1. 

Numantia, war with, 90. 3. 

//////'•, 62. 3. 

obire mortem, 91. 4. 

Octavia, 78. 1. 

Octavius, C, Augustas, 59. 1 ; meet- 
ing with Antony, • ><). :?: receives 



168 



INDEX TO THE NOTES. 



Antony 
by th»- 

with Antony. 65. 2; ill health, 
l : declares wm against 
Egypt, M. 1 : at the battle of 
2 : pursuit of Antony, 
88. 1; returns to Rome, 89. 1; 
policy, 89. 4 : his principate, 89. 6 ; 
A i ; _ . 1 . 

ins, C, father of Augustus, 

80. 4. 
oroif, 46. 1. 

order of words, 52. 6; 54. 1; 60. 

4. 
ordiruUio comitlorum, 124. 3. 
ornamenta triumphalia, 115. 3. 

Orodes, 46. 4; 91. 1. 
Ostia, 94. 3. 
watfo, %. 3. 

Ovinius, 87. 2. 

oxymoron, 127. 4. 

Pacorus, 78. 1. 

Paderborn, 117. 4. 

Palinuri Prom., 79. 3. 

Pannonia, 96. 2. 

Pansa, C. Yibius, 57. 1; 61. 4. 

Parthia, 46. 2; 101. 2. 

participle, perfect, 47. 5; 86. 3; 

future, 123. 1; present, 123. 1. 
Passicnus Rufns, L., 116. 2. 
Patrae, 84. 2. 
patratio, 98. 2. 
Paulus, Aemilius, 95. 3. 

/yry.Z, 131. 1. 

peace of Brundusium, 76. 3. 
Pedius, Q.,65. 2. 
peragratu$ t ( .fl. 4. 
perfect, for pluperfect, 52. 2. 
/v^r omnia, 69. 6. 
Perusia, 74. 3. 
Pernstae, 115. 4. 
Petreius, M., 48. 1. 
Pharmacusae, 42. 2. 
Pharnaces, 55. 2. 
Pharsalus, 52. 3. 



I'hilippi, battle of, 70. 1. 

Philipp 

Philippns, L. Mareius, 59. 3. 

Phraates, Bee Qro 

Pinnetee, 110. 4. 

Piso, Cn. Calpurnius, 130. 3. 

PigO, L Calpurnius, 98. 1. 
M.,41.2. 

Plancus, L. Munatius r 63. 3; 95. 3. 

Plautius Silvanus, 112. 4. 

plebs, declension of, 44. 4. 

plus, 56. 3. 

poetical words, 48. 3; 89. 3. 

Pollio, A sin ins, 63. 3. 

Pompey, Cn., 44. 1-4; consul, 46. 1; 
death of his son, 47. 2: sole con- 
sul, 47. 3: receive* Spain as his 
province, 48. 1; triumphs, 53. 3; 
sons of, 55. 2: gardens of, 60. 3: 
judge* chosen by, 76. 1 : home of, 
77. 1. 

Pompey, Q.. 90. 3. 

Pompey, Sex., 72. 4; 79. 5. 

Pompon ius Flaccus, 129. 1. 

Pontus Euxinus, 101. 3. 

potestas tribunicia, 99. 1. 

praeeedo, 114. 1. 

praefecPuSi fabrum, 76. 1 ; co.&tro- 
rura, 112. 6. 

Praeneste, 74. 3. 

praetor, 59. 2 ; 89. 3. 

preposition, omission of, 55. 3; 62. 
3; 76. 2. 

present, indefinite, 81. 1. 

prftZfe, 05.2: 83. 3. 

princep* senatu8 s 43. 3. 

probabiliter, 46. 1. 

pronus, 69. 6. 

proscriptiOf 06. 1. 

Ptolemy Auletes, 53. 1. 

Ptolemy, son of Soter, 45. 4. 

Publicola, 85. 2. 

Punic War, the first, 128. 1. 

quam, 47. 1. 

quatenus, 68. 4. 

qwppe, 42. 3; 54. 1. 









gwod clans 1,77.3 

- - 

remex. 79. 1. 

repleo. 5& 1. 
- 

undarv of the empire, 

Rhoemeta" 

. 1. 
Rn: -.4. 

. . ... . 

■ 

- 

:n of Meteilus. 

- 
s 

g 

5b 

- hob 95.2 3 

stan 

L 1. 



- 



- 
subjunctive, concessit 

ora- 

- 

vith 
ne> : 4: of result, 1< 

- 

- - . 1. 

Sypha: - BO. 3. 

- •':• '•■>-: n :■•--. ry\ 2. 

117. 1. 

nienium, defeat of Augustus 

Taur BS C S ^ _ : 127. 1. 

- 

- 
Thap- 

theatre. Pomp 
of Balbi> "- 

Thrace. 98. 1. 

Tiber I IS 1 .3: 9ft. 1. 2: mar- 
riage. 96l 1 : b. poies- 

_ - 

1 : recalled. 103. 1 
ity. 104, 3; invades Gem 

- rebellion in Panno- 
nia and Dalmatia. 11" 

2 os in 
Germany, 121. 1. 2: reluctan 
accept imper rau- 

9 in Pan: 
andGer ernment 

of the p: 4 : public 

works. 130. 1. 
L 4. 



170 



INDEX TO THE NOTES. 



titahis, 45. 4. 
tollo, 62. 6. 

tormvnta, &2. 2. 

tractus, 69. 2. 

transeursus, 55. 1. 

transgredi, 108. 2. 

treasury, the sacred, 49. 4. 

Trebonius, C, 56. 3; 69.1. 

tribunal, 106. 1. 

tribuueship, 111. 3. 

triumvirate, first, 41. 1; second, 

63. 1. 
Troy, the game, 89. 1. 
Tusculum, 128. 2. 
ultra, 88. 2. 
wftro, 120. 1. 
wf, 49. 4. 
uter que, 50. 4. 
vacat, 124. 1. 
Varro, 71. 2. 
Varus, P. Attius, 55. 4. 
Varus, P. Quintilius, 117. 2; 119. 3. 
Varus, Quintilius, 71. 3. 
Vatinius, P., 69. 3. 



Velia, 79. 3. 

Velleius, quaestor, 111. 4; brother 

of, 115. 1. 
veluti, 47. 3. 
veni, 55. 2. 
Ventidius, 65. 3. 
Vercingetorix, defeat of, 47. 1. 
Vergil, imitation of, 118. 4. 
Vesta, 131. 1. 
vexillarius, 110. 6. 
Vibius Postumus, 116. 2. 
Vienne, 121. 1. 
vigiles, 91. 3. 
Vindelicia, 95. 2. 
Vinicius, M., 49. 1. 
Vinicius, M., grandfather of the 

former, 104. 2. 
Vinicius, P., 101.3. 
Vinsania, 96. 1. 
Viriathus, 90. 3. 
vitupero, 101. 1. 
zeugma, 85. 5; 89. 4; 100. 3; 112. 

3. 
Zmyrna, 69. 1. 



Announcement* 



THE STUDENTS' SERIES OF LATIN CLASSICS. 

UNDER THE EDITORIAL SUPERVISION OP 

ERNEST MONDELL PEASE, A.M., 

Leland Stanford Junior University, 

AND 

HARRY THURSTON PECK, Ph.D., L.H.D., 
Columbia College. 



This Series will contain those portions of the Latin 
authors that are usually read in American schools and 
colleges; and to meet the growing demand for more 
liberal courses such other portions will be included as 
are well fitted for classroom use, but which have hitherto 
lacked suitable editions. In order to furnish permanent 
editions of uniform merit the work is distributed among 
a large number of special editors, and the several editions 
will be based for the most part upon approved German 
editions. 

While thus profiting by the valuable results of German 
scholarship, which give the assurance of marked excel- 
lence to the Series, each editor will nevertheless verify 
all the statements of the original, and add to and alter 
them as much as may be necessary to adapt his work to 
the needs of American students. 

The text will be carefully revised, and will be followed 
in a separate part of the book by a full commentary and 
index. 

The Series will also contain elementary and supple- 
mentary works prepared by competent scholars.* Every 
effort will be made to give the books a neat and attrac- 
tive appearance. 



The following volumes are now ready or in preparation : 

CATULLUS, Selections, based upon the edition of Riese. By Thomas 
B. Lindsay, Ph.D., Professor in Boston University. 

CICERO, Tusculan Disputations, Books I and II. By Professor 
Pec k. [Nearly Ready. 

CICERO, De Oratore, Book I, based upon the edition of Sorof. By 
W. B. Owen, Ph.D., Professor in Lafayette College. 

CICERO, Select Letters, based in part upon the edition of Siipfle- 
Bockel. By Professor Pease. 

GELLIUS, Selections. By Professor Peck. 

HORACE, Odes and Epodes. By Paul Shorey, Ph.D., Professor in 
the Chicago University. [Nearly Ready. 

HORACE, Satires and Epistles, based upon the editiou of Kiessling. 
By James H. Kjrkland, Ph.D., Professor in Vanderbilt Uni- 
versity. Ready. 

JUVENAL, based upon the edition of Weidner. By Henry Clark 
Johnson, A.M., LL.B., President of the Central High School, 
Philadelphia. 

LIVY, Books XXI and XXII, based upon the edition of Wolfflin. By 
John K. Lord, A.M., Professor in Dartmouth College. [Ready. 

LUCRETIUS, De Rerum Natura, Book III. By W. A. Merrill, A.M., 
Professor in Miami University. 

OVID, Selections from the Metamorphoses, based upon the edition of 
Meuser-Egen. By B. L. Wiggins, A.M., Professor in the University 
of the South. [Nearly Ready. 

PETRONIUS, Cena Trimalchionis, based upon the edition of Biicheler. 
By W. E. Waters, Ph.D., Professor in the University of Cincinnati. 

PLAUTUS, Menaechmi, based upon the edition of Brix. By Harold 
N. Fowler, Ph.D., Professor in the University of Texas. 

[Reach/. 

QUINTILIAN, Book X and selections from Book XII, based upon the 
edition of Kriiger. By Carl W. Belser, Ph.D., Professor in the 
University of Colorado. 

SALLUST, Catiline, based upon the edition of Schmalz. By Charles 
G. Herbermann, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor in the College of the 
City of New York. [Ready. 



SENECA, Select Letters. By E. C. Winslow, A.M., Professor in 

Wabash College. 

TACITUS, Annals, Book I and selections from Book II, based upon 
the edition of Nipperdey-Andresen. By K. M. Hyde, Ph.D., Pro 
fessor in Lehigh University. 

TACITUS, Germania and Agricola, based upon the editions of Bchwei- 
zer-Sidler and Drager. By A. G. Hopkins, Ph.D., Professor in 

Hamilton College. Ready. 

TACITUS, Histories, Book I and selections from Books II-V, based 
upon the edition of Wolff. By Edward H. Spieker, Ph.D., Pro- 
fessor in the Johns Hopkins University. 

TERENCE, Phormio, based upon the edition of Dziatzko. By Herbert 
C. Elmer, Ph.D., Assistant Professor in the Cornell University. 

TIBULLUS AND PROPERTIUS, Selections, based upon the edition of 
Jacoby. By Henry F. Burton, A.M., Professor in the University 
of Rochester. 

VELLEIUS PATERCULUS, Historia Romana, Book II. By F. E. Rock- 
wood, A.M., Professor in Bucknell University. Ready. 

LATIN COMPOSITION FOR COLLEGE USE. By Walter Miller, 
A.M., Professor in the Leland Stanford Jr. University. [Ready. 

HAND-BOOK OF LATIN SYNONYMS. By Mr. Miller. 

A FIRST BOOK IN LATIN. By Hiram Tuell, A.M., Principal of 
the Milton High School, Mass., and Harold N. Fowler, Ph.D., 
Western Reserve University [Ready. 

EXERCISES IN LATIN COMPOSITION, FOR SCHOOLS. By M. Grant 
Daniell, A.M., Principal of Chauncy-Hall School, Boston. [Ready. 

THE PRIVATE LIFE OF THE ROMANS, a manual for the u 

schools and colleges. By Harriet Waters Preston and Louise 
Dodge. Beady. 

ATLAS ANTIQUUS. Twelve maps of the ancient world, for schools and 
colleges. By Dr. Henry Kiepert, M. R. Acad., Berlin. [Ready. 

Tentative arrangements have been made for other books not ready 
to be announced. 

LEACH, SHEWELL, & SANBORN, 

Boston, New York, and Chicago. 



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